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Covering fiscal year 2024
Environmental 
Progress 
Report

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Contents
Introduction
 3 Reflections from Lisa Jackson
 4 Report highlights
 5 Goals and progress
Environmental 
Initiatives
Apple 2030
 9 Apple 2030 journey
 10 Approach
 13 Design and materials
 22 Electricity
 30 Direct GHG emissions
 34 Carbon removal
Resources
 38 Approach
 39 Product longevity
 44 Material recovery
 48 Water
 53 Zero waste
Smarter Chemistry
 59 Approach
 60 Mapping
 63 Assessment
 67 Innovation
Engagement  
and Advocacy
 72 Approach
 73 Listening to a range of voices
 74 Achieving change together
 79 Supporting communities 
worldwide
Data
 82 Greenhouse gas emissions
 83 High-quality carbon credits
 84 Carbon footprint by product
 86 Energy
 87 Resources
 88 Normalizing factors
Green Bond Impact Report
 90 Apple’s green bonds
 91 Cumulative allocation: 2019 Green Bond
 92 Featured projects
 93 Sustainalytics Annual Review
 95 Ernst & Young LLP Use of Proceeds Examination
Appendix
 98 A: Corporate facilities energy supplement
 103 B: Apple’s life cycle assessment methodology
 104 C: Assurance and review statements
 112 D: Carbon neutral certificates
 122 E: Environment, Health and Safety Policy
 123 F: ISO 14001 certification
 124 Report notes
 125 End notes
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Reflections
At Apple, we are constantly innovating to make 
the world’s best technology while reducing 
our impact on the environment. That means 
taking urgent steps to fight climate change 
and working collaboratively with our suppliers 
and local communities. 
Every year, teams across our company find new and innovative 
ways to make our technology better for people and the planet. That 
progress has brought us closer than ever to Apple 2030: our goal to 
become carbon neutral for our global footprint, including our supply 
chain and the energy our customers use to power their devices.
Thanks to these efforts, I’m proud to share that Apple has now cut 
our overall emissions by more than 60 percent since 2015. This 
report covers the work that makes a milestone like that possible. 
It describes in detail how we continue to dramatically reduce our 
climate impact, while helping accelerate a global transition toward 
recycled materials and renewable energy.
Since 2018, we’ve powered every Apple facility with renewable 
energy — including our offices, retail stores, and data centers. 
That progress is quickly making its way across our global 
supply chain, and today, our suppliers now support more than 
17.8 gigawatts of clean energy around the world.
But our commitment doesn’t end there. We’re also investing in 
clean energy projects to match the energy our customers use to 
charge their devices. And with our Power for Impact program, we’ve 
launched renewable energy projects in countries including the 
Philippines, Thailand, and South Africa. By expanding access to 
safe, reliable electricity, we can protect the planet and support the 
communities most significantly impacted by climate change. 
To drive down carbon emissions even further, we’re using more 
recycled materials than ever before. We now use 99 percent 
recycled rare earth elements in the magnets across our products. 
We’ve also continued to scale the use of recycled materials like 
tungsten, aluminum, cobalt, gold, and lithium. And we’ve done 
all that while making our products even more durable and easy 
to repair, because technology that lasts longer is better for the 
environment and our customers’ wallets.
It is amazing to see this progress come together in a single product. 
In October, we unveiled our latest carbon neutral product, Mac mini, 
which is made with more than 50 percent recycled content and 
manufactured with electricity exclusively sourced from renewable 
energy. That’s helped reduce the carbon footprint of Mac mini by 
80 percent from our business-as-usual scenario. And to balance the 
remaining emissions that can’t be avoided, we invest in high-quality, 
nature-based projects that reduce carbon in the atmosphere. 
These projects are helping restore ecosystems around the world. 
Last year, I visited an area of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil that was 
fully deforested not long ago. Thanks to the Restore Fund we 
launched with our partners, it’s now a flourishing working forest — 
filled with native tree species that could have been lost forever. 
It was a powerful reminder that with dedication and effort, we can 
bring new life to once-thriving habitats.
At Apple, we’ve always believed that innovation is a powerful force 
for progress. So we’ll continue to do our part to protect the planet — 
and to build a better future for generations to come.
Lisa Jackson 
VP, Environment, Policy and Social Initiatives
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Report highlights 
Reduced our overall GHG 
emissions by more than 60 percent
We reduced our gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 
across scopes 1, 2, and 3 by more than 60 percent 
compared with our 2015 baseline year — not including 
offsets.1 In that same time period, revenue grew by more 
than 65 percent. We estimate that we’ve avoided 41 million 
metric tons of emissions this year through reduction efforts 
like transitioning our supply chain to renewable electricity 
and sourcing recycled content.
Read more on page 12.
Launched the first carbon 
neutral Mac
In October 2024, we announced the carbon neutral 
Mac mini, made with over 50 percent recycled content. 
The electricity used to manufacture Mac mini is sourced 
from 100 percent renewable energy. We’ve also invested 
in clean energy projects worldwide to address product use 
and prioritized lower-carbon shipping modes to reduce 
emissions. These actions have reduced the carbon footprint 
of Mac mini by over 80 percent from a business-as-usual 
scenario.2 To offset the remaining emissions, we apply 
high-quality carbon credits from nature-based projects.
Read more on page 20.
Increased our use of recycled 
materials
We’re making steady progress on our journey toward using 
only recycled or renewable materials in our products. In 
2024, approximately 99 percent of tungsten, 71 percent 
of aluminum, 53 percent of lithium, and 40 percent of 
gold; and 76 percent of cobalt in our products came from 
recycled sources.3 In 2024, 24 percent of the materials 
we shipped in Apple products, by weight, came from 
recycled sources.4
Read more on page 15.
Enhanced repairability features
In 2024, we introduced design and software features 
to improve device repairability. The iPhone 16 debuted 
a new, faster process for removing the battery from the 
enclosure — using low-voltage electricity. We’ve improved 
support for third-party parts used in repair. And Repair 
Assistant, launched with iOS 18, allows customers and 
repair professionals to configure new and used Apple parts 
directly on the device.
Read more on page 40.
Expanded the use of recycled 
rare earth elements across 
our products 
We now use 99 percent recycled rare earth elements in all 
magnets of our products. In 2024, more than 80 percent 
of the total rare earth elements that we shipped in 
products came from certified recycled sources — up from 
75 percent in 2023.
Read more on page 15.
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Goals and progress
Replenish all of our corporate 
freshwater withdrawals in high-
stress locations by 2030.11
Remove plastics from our 
packaging by the end of 2025.10
100% 
2025 target
99% 
2024
0%
Achieve carbon neutrality for 
our entire carbon footprint 
by 2030 — reducing related 
greenhouse gas emissions by 
75 percent compared with 2015.6
Become carbon neutral for our 
corporate operations.
75% 
2030 target
60% 
2024
Baseline 
2015
2020 2024 
Maintained
2010 2015
100% 
2030 target
40% 
2024
0%
Recycled gold
100% 
2025 target
0% 99% 
2024
Recycled tin
100% 
2025 target
99% 
2024
0%
Recycled cobalt
100% 
2025 target
99% 
2024
0%
Emissions Materials Resources
Read more on our approach to 
carbon neutrality
Read more on our Apple 2030 goal
Transition to 100 percent recycled 
cobalt, tin, gold, and rare earth 
elements in select components 
and applications by the end 
of 2025.8
• Gold plating in all Apple-
designed rigid and flexible 
printed circuit boards
• Tin soldering in all Apple-
designed rigid and flexible 
printed circuit boards
• Cobalt in all 
Apple-designed batteries9
• Rare earth elements in 
all magnets
Read more on the expansion of 
recycled materials in our products
Read more about our efforts to shift to 
100 percent fiber-based packaging
Read more about our water strategy and progress
Eliminate waste sent to landfill 
from our corporate facilities and 
our suppliers.
Certify all Apple-owned data centers 
to the Alliance for Water Stewardship 
(AWS) Standard by 2025.12
Increase supplier participation in 
the Supplier Clean Water program, 
prioritizing high water stress locations 
and driving participants to an 
average 50 percent water reuse rate 
by 2030.13
50% 
2030 target
42% 
2024
0%
8 
2025 target
7 
2024
0
Corporate facilities waste diversion rate
100% 
target
70% 
2024
0%
Read more about our water strategy and progress
Read more about our water strategy and progress
Read more about our Zero Waste Program 
and progress
  Achieved
  Achieved
Recycled rare earth elements
100% 
2025 target
99% 
2024
0%
Zero waste to landfills at all established final 
assembly sites
2024 
Maintained
2015 2018
Apple 2030 is our science-based commitment to achieving carbon neutrality 
for our entire carbon footprint, including transitioning our entire value chain to 
100 percent clean electricity.5
We’re committed to one day using only recycled or renewable materials in our 
products and packaging, and to enhance material recovery.7
We’re committed to stewarding water resources and working to eliminate waste 
sent to landfills.
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Environmental 
Initiatives
In this section
Overview
Apple 2030
Apple 2030 journey
Approach
Design and materials
Electricity
Direct GHG emissions
Carbon removal
Resources
Approach
Product longevity
Material recovery
Water
Zero waste
Smarter Chemistry
Approach
Mapping
Assessment
Innovation
6
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Overview
Environmental Initiatives
Apple 2030
Apple 2030 is our commitment to be carbon 
neutral for our entire carbon footprint. Our 
journey to 2030 is focused on first reducing our 
scope 1, 2, and 3 greenhouse gas emissions by 
75 percent compared with 2015, and investing 
in high-quality carbon removal solutions for the 
remaining emissions.
Resources
We aim to make durable, long-lasting 
products and enhance material recovery. 
And we’re committed to stewarding 
water resources and working to eliminate 
waste sent to landfills.
Smarter Chemistry
Through innovation and material selection, 
we design our products to be safer for 
anyone who assembles, uses, or recycles 
them — and to have less of an impact on 
the environment.
Design and materials
Electricity14
Direct GHG emissions
Carbon removal
Product longevity
Material recovery
Water
Zero waste
Mapping
Assessment
Innovation
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Apple 
2030
In this section
Apple 2030 journey
Approach
Design and materials
Electricity
Direct GHG emissions
Carbon removal
8
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Apple 2030 journey
Where we’ve been
Launched
Supplier Clean Energy 
and Energy Efficiency 
Programs established, 
partnering with 
global suppliers to 
transition the energy 
used to manufacture 
Apple products to 
renewable energy
2015 2018 2020 2021
Launched
Restore Fund to 
advance nature 
-based carbon 
removal projects
2024 activities
24%
of the material 
shipped in products 
came from recycled or 
renewable sources16
Expanded 
our carbon neutral 
product lineup to 
Apple Watch Series 
10 and Mac mini
Introduced
supplier 
commitments to 
abate at least 90% 
of their facilitywide 
F-GHG emissions 
in support of our 
Apple 2030 goal
Where we’re going
2025
Use
100% recycled cobalt in all 
Apple-designed batteries17
100% recycled tin soldering 
and 100% recycled gold 
plating in all Apple-designed 
rigid and flexible printed 
circuit boards18
100% recycled rare earth 
elements in all magnets 
across all products19
To be carbon 
neutral for 
our entire 
carbon 
footprint  
by 203021
2023
Codified
100% renewable 
energy mandate 
added to our 
Supplier Code of 
Conduct applicable 
to all suppliers for 
the manufacturing 
of Apple products
2030
Transition
to 100% fiber-based 
packaging by the end 
of 202520
Goal
Goal Apple 2030
Carbon neutrality 
for our corporate 
operations and 
announced 
2030 targets
  Achieved
100% renewable 
electricity generated 
or sourced for our 
corporate operations
  Achieved
Introduced
our first carbon 
neutral products 
in the Apple 
Watch lineup15
8.4 MT CO2e
avoided F-GHG 
emissions through 
our display and 
semiconductor 
suppliers’ 
abatement efforts
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Approach
Apple 2030
We’re committed to our ambitious, science-
based Apple 2030 goal to reduce our 
collective scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions — 
upstream and downstream — by 75 percent 
before balancing the remaining emissions 
with high-quality carbon removals. To achieve 
this goal, we’re reducing emissions across 
our value chain and directing our efforts 
toward decarbonizing the largest sources of 
emissions. We’ve cut emissions across our 
value chain by more than 60 percent since 
2015. During the same period, our revenue 
grew by more than 65 percent.
Apple 2030 roadmap
Design and materials
Designing products and 
manufacturing processes 
to be less carbon intensive 
through thoughtful material 
selection, increased 
material efficiency, greater 
product energy efficiency, 
the use of recycled and 
renewable materials 
in our products and 
packaging, and enhanced 
material recovery
Read more on page 13
Carbon removal
In parallel with our 
emissions reduction 
efforts, scaling up 
investments in carbon 
removal projects, 
including nature-based 
solutions that can 
protect and restore 
ecosystems worldwide
Read more on page 35
≥75%
emissions reduction
≤25%
remaining footprint
Electricity
Increasing energy 
efficiency at our facilities 
and transitioning the 
electricity throughout 
our entire value chain — 
including manufacturing 
and our customers’ product 
use — to 100 percent clean 
electricity by 2030
Read more on page 23
Direct GHG emissions
Reducing direct 
greenhouse gas emissions 
across our facilities and 
supply chain through 
process innovation, 
emissions abatement, 
and shifting away from 
fossil fuels
Read more on page 31
We accelerated our progress with our transition to sourcing 
100 percent renewable electricity for our offices, retail stores, and 
data centers in 2018. And in 2020, we achieved carbon neutrality for 
our corporate emissions, which we’ve maintained annually.22
Decarbonizing our supply chain is a crucial component of our efforts. 
We’re driving progress by expanding our suppliers’ sourcing of 
renewable energy and increasing the use of recycled and renewable 
materials in manufacturing our products. Our initiatives emphasize 
achieving emissions reductions before applying high-quality, 
nature-based credits.
Our goal is consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 
Change’s (IPCC) recommendation for global carbon neutrality.23 
We’re also committed to working toward reaching a 90 percent 
reduction in emissions from our 2015 baseline by 2050. Achieving 
deep decarbonization will require a collective, global effort across 
industries and economies. And while reaching a 90 percent 
reduction in emissions is outside Apple’s or any one company’s 
control, we’re committed to taking actions that support this goal. 
To catalyze change beyond our footprint, we’re engaging with 
stakeholders and communities to identify opportunities to expand 
the use of recycled materials and renewable energy. For more 
details, read our Engagement and Advocacy section.
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Achieving progress that benefits business
We underpin our climate strategy with strong business principles 
and innovation, harnessing the power of markets to replicate our 
solutions at scale — aiming to create the impact necessary to meet 
global reduction targets. We’re also working to accelerate the global 
transition toward decarbonization, exploring the next generation of 
solutions, and advocating for more effective policies. These efforts 
include fostering new and strengthened collaborations in public and 
private partnerships and investing in technological advancements. 
We’ve issued $4.7 billion in green bonds to model how businesses 
can drive investments to reduce global emissions. Our most recent 
offering in 2019 supported 74 global projects that will mitigate or 
offset 33.4 million metric tons of CO2e. To learn more about our 
work, read our Green Bond Impact Report.
Science and transparency guide our efforts. Our emissions reduction 
targets align with what current climate science shows is necessary 
to adhere to a 1.5° C pathway with no or limited overshoot. We 
calculate our footprint across our entire value chain, covering both 
direct and product-related emissions — from sourcing materials to 
end of life. We use the results of our detailed carbon accounting to 
adjust our Apple 2030 roadmap, which lays out our plan to become 
carbon neutral. And we’re committed to disclosing our carbon 
footprint, as well as our climate strategy and progress. Transparency 
and disclosure are essential not only for sharing our climate strategy 
and progress, but also for inviting others to collaborate with us. 
Our annual Environmental Progress Report, as well as our response 
to the global disclosure nonprofit CDP, provides details on our 
progress. Read our latest response to the CDP Climate Change 2024 
questionnaire (PDF).
And progress needs to include low-income and historically 
marginalized communities that often bear the brunt of climate 
change. We’re pursuing ways to directly support these communities 
in our climate programs. To learn more about our work, read our 
feature on our Power for Impact program.
Million metric tons CO2e per fiscal year 2015 2019 2024 2030
Gross emissions 38.4 25.1 15.3
Carbon offsets/removal – – 0.7
Net emissions 38.4 25.1 14.5
Projected emissions 
(illustrative only)
  Projected gross emissions
  Projected emissions offset
40
20
0
Historical emissions
  Avoided emissions
 Gross emissions
 Emissions offset
  Emissions range from 
modeling uncertainty*
Goal 
75%
reduction in gross 
emissions by 2030
Goal 
To be carbon neutral 
for our entire footprint
Apple’s progress toward carbon neutrality
We’ve reduced our entire carbon footprint by more than 60 percent 
compared with 2015
* Error bars: We’re continuously refining our methodology as 
well as boundaries to model our carbon footprint, but inherent 
uncertainty remains in modeling greenhouse gas emissions, as 
illustrated by the error bars in this graphic. The error bars are 
based on assumptions, standards, metrics, and measurements 
believed to be reasonable at the time of preparation, but 
should not be considered guarantees that any error will fall 
within the range indicated by the graphs.
Note: Totals might not add up due to rounding.
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41Mmt
Total avoided emissions
14.5Mmt
Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions*
Product  
manufacturing
(Scope 3)
Product use  
(Scope 3)
Product footprint
Metric tons CO2e
Product  
transport
(Scope 3)
End-of-life  
product  
processes
(Scope 3)
2.0M 
avoided
Supplier 
energy 
efficiency
8.4M 
avoided
Direct 
emissions 
abatement
6.2M avoided
Low-carbon 
materials**
21.8M avoided
Supplier clean energy
Corporate footprintDirect  
emissions
(Scope 1)
Electricity  
(Scope 2)
Business  
operations‡
(Scope 3)
0.1M avoided
Corporate energy efficiency
1.2M avoided
Use of renewable electricity
1.0M avoided
Use of renewable electricity 
0.3M avoided
Product use 
clean energy†
 Gross emissions  Emissions offset Avoided emissions
Apple’s comprehensive carbon footprint
* Net greenhouse gas emissions represents our total gross footprint minus carbon offsets. 
Percentages shown for each emissions category represent the share of Apple’s gross 
footprint. Annual avoided emissions may exceed the reduction in emissions from our 
baseline footprint due to various factors, such as business growth. Totals add up to more 
than 100 percent due to rounding.
** Low-carbon materials represents emissions savings from transitioning to recycled 
materials in our products and using low-carbon aluminum. For details, see page 30. 
† Clean energy represents emissions savings from clean energy procured by Apple or 
its suppliers.
‡ Business operations includes business travel, employee commutes, working from home, 
fuels and other energy-related activities, and the use of other cloud services.
Goal
Achieve carbon neutrality for our entire carbon footprint 
by 2030 — reducing related emissions by 75 percent 
compared with 2015.
Progress
We estimate that in 2024, our environmental programs 
avoided 41 million metric tons of emissions across all 
scopes. Our long-standing initiatives continue to yield 
clear results, including sourcing 100 percent renewable 
energy for our facilities, transitioning suppliers to renewable 
energy, and using low-carbon materials in our products.24 
While our revenue has grown by more than 65 percent 
since 2015, our gross emissions have decreased by more 
than 60 percent during the same period.
75% 
2030 Target
60% 
2024
Baseline 
2015
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Design and materials
Our purpose
We design our products 
to be less carbon 
intensive by prioritizing 
the use of recycled and 
renewable content and 
low-carbon materials 
while focusing on the 
energy efficiency of our 
software and hardware. 
We’re working toward a 
future where every Apple 
product will be created 
from and contribute to 
circular supply chains. 
The design and material 
choices we make across 
our products also 
support reducing our 
carbon footprint.
Our path
Design and materials 
address emissions from:
Our progress
More than doubled the 
use of certified recycled 
lithium and zinc shipped 
in our products in 202425
Our progress
iPhone 16 uses more 
than 95 percent recycled 
lithium in the battery, a 
first for Apple26
Our progress
We now use 99 percent 
recycled rare earth 
elements in all magnets 
in our products
95%
Product manufacturing 
(Scope 3)
Product use 
(Scope 3)
Product transport 
(Scope 3)
13
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We’re also continually improving our approach to calculating 
our product carbon footprint. In 2024, we updated our modeling 
process to capture more detailed emissions data on product use 
and logistics. For product use, we’re now using data from a variety 
of sources, including field telemetry from users who opt-in to 
sharing device analytics and modeling battery drain from activities 
such as movie and music playback, rather than relying on testing 
data to estimate these figures. With product logistics, we’re using 
improved data on how our products move from our manufacturers to 
our customers, paired with more detailed emissions information on 
transportation modes, including sea and air.
Our approach
Innovation drives our efforts around circularity — from the materials 
we source and the product design choices we make to the recycling 
and recovery innovations we pursue. We prioritize the materials and 
components that account for significant portions of our greenhouse 
gas emissions. This means that the choices we make product by 
product can scale toward reducing our overall footprint. These 
priorities inform our work to design for material efficiency and 
increase our use of recycled and renewable materials.
Transitioning to recycled content
iPhone 16e, iPhone 16, and iPhone 16 Plus 
use 85 percent recycled aluminum in 
their enclosures
We aim to create products that use circular supply chains to one 
day end reliance on mined resources while meeting our rigorous 
standards for quality, durability, performance, and environmental 
and social protections. And we also maintain strict standards 
for responsibly sourcing materials from primary, recycled, and 
renewable sources. Our actions can inspire others to support 
building circular supply chains.
Working to positively influence the markets where we work and 
communities worldwide, advocating for policy that enables circular 
supply chains, and inspiring others to follow suit — these are the 
opportunities that drive us through the challenging work of creating 
circular supply chains.
Using recycled materials to lower our 
product carbon footprint
We’re reducing the carbon footprint of our products through the 
materials we select. Our strategy is to transition to materials that 
are manufactured using low-carbon energy and recycled content.27 
We’ve prioritized the materials and components that make up a large 
part of our product carbon footprint to move us closer to our goal 
of carbon neutrality. And to accelerate collective efforts, we signed 
on as a founding member of First Movers Coalition’s near-zero 
emissions primary aluminum commitment for 2030 (see more on 
page 75).
Our use of aluminum exemplifies Apple’s approach: We’re 
transitioning to recycled content, and where we haven’t yet, we’re 
moving to low-carbon suppliers and exploring technological 
innovations to decarbonize — like ELYSIS aluminum, which was 
smelted without generating greenhouse gas emissions (see 
page 32). We’ve continued to use 100 percent recycled aluminum 
in the enclosures of many Apple products: Apple Watch Series 10, 
Apple Watch SE, iPad, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, Mac mini, 
Mac Studio, and the Siri Remote. We use 100 percent recycled 
aluminum in the frame and battery enclosure of Apple Vision 
Pro. And with iPhone 16e, iPhone 16, and iPhone 16 Plus, we’ve 
increased recycled content by using 85 percent recycled aluminum 
in their enclosures.
Our first priority is to recover as much as possible of our own scrap 
at high quality. Since recycled aluminum manufacturing emits less 
carbon than newly mined materials, we look to other postindustrial 
and postconsumer sources for high-quality recycled aluminum. 
These emissions reduction efforts have reduced our aluminum-
related emissions by 76 percent since 2015 and they now represent 
less than 7 percent of our product manufacturing footprint, 
compared with 27 percent in 2015.
We increased the content of certified recycled gold across all 
product lines — from 1 percent in 2021 to approximately 40 percent 
in 2024. This includes everything from the gold plating on multiple 
printed circuit boards to applications such as the USB-C connector 
on iPhone.
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Prioritizing our efforts
We’re making progress toward our goal of sourcing only recycled 
and renewable materials for our products: In 2024, 24 percent of 
the materials contained in products shipped came from recycled or 
renewable sources.28
Key challenges to developing circular supply chains
Technical properties
While many recycled or renewable materials have 
indistinguishable technical properties, some may 
differ from the conventional material. This needs 
to be accounted for during product design and 
manufacturing. For example, select recycled 
plastics differ in properties from other plastics. 
The composition of other recycled materials can 
also be impacted by some level of contamination 
during the recycling process.
Regulatory barriers
Transboundary movement regulations — created 
to establish critically important community 
and environmental protections — can have the 
unintended consequence of inhibiting material 
recovery and movement to recyclers or refiners 
for use in new products. Apple supports the U.S. 
ratification of the Basel Convention to better 
support recycling and recovery with this key 
geography. To learn about our support of other 
policies that enable circular supply chains while 
improving social and environmental protections, 
read the Apple 2030 policy platform.
Availability and access
The supply of recycled and renewable materials 
can be constrained by the limited availability of 
recoverable material or production of renewable 
content. When supply exists in some locations 
around the world, new suppliers need to be 
incorporated into supply chains for the material to 
be accessed. Technological limitations in recovering 
materials from complex waste streams can pose 
challenges to efficiency and effectiveness.
Supply chains
Recycled or renewable content may not be easily 
accessible on the market, requiring the development 
of new supply chains.
Traceability
Information about the source of materials — 
whether mined, recycled, or renewable — 
might not be readily available. 
We’ve focused our efforts on 15 priority materials based on a broad 
range of environmental, social, and supply chain impacts. Each are 
outlined in detail in our Material Impact Profiles white paper.30 Our 
priority materials consist of aluminum, cobalt, copper, glass, gold, 
lithium, paper, plastics, rare earth elements, steel, tantalum, tin, 
titanium, tungsten, and zinc, and they account for 87 percent of the 
total product mass shipped to our customers in 2024.
Maintaining our standards for recycled and renewable materials 
is essential to our journey to create a circular supply chain. Our 
requirements are based on international standards for recycled 
content and responsible resource management. By requiring 
certification to these standards, we’re able to confirm that a material 
has been recycled or comes from a renewable source — one that 
can continually produce without depleting the earth’s natural 
resources. We approach materials from new sources with the same 
rigor, evaluating each one for the safety of the material’s chemistry. 
This process allows us to scale our use of materials that are better 
for the environment and safer for use in our products. Recycled 
material is certified by third parties to a recycled content standard 
that conforms with ISO 14021. Total recycled content numbers also 
include supplier-reported recycled content checked by Apple but 
not third-party certified.
Our teams are overcoming obstacles to creating closed loop 
supply chains, including material performance and traceability. 
This is possible through our work with a diverse group of partners 
stretching from suppliers to metallurgists to product designers. 
For example, we were able to design an alloy that meets our 
rigorous design performance standards and contains 100 percent 
recycled aluminum.
Barriers to our progress remain — including challenges within 
our control and those outside our direct influence. Addressing 
these requires a collective response. Through collaboration 
across the value chain, we can achieve impact felt beyond our 
business. The supply chains we’re helping innovate serve more 
than just our product needs — they help promote the availability 
of competitively priced, quality recycled and renewable materials 
across geographies.
Goals
Transition the following to 100 percent recycled by the end 
of 2025:29
• Cobalt in all Apple-designed batteries 
• Tin soldering in all Apple-designed rigid and flexible 
printed circuit boards
• Gold plating in all Apple-designed rigid and flexible 
printed circuit boards
• Rare earth elements in all magnets across all products
Progress
Scale
Materials for a single component can come 
from hundreds of different suppliers, requiring 
exponentially more effort as we scale the use 
of high-quality recycled or renewable materials 
across components and products.
Recycled gold
100% 
2025 Target
0% 99% 
2024
Recycled tin
100% 
2025 Target
99% 
2024
0%
Recycled cobalt
100% 
2025 Target
99% 
2024
0%
Recycled rare earth elements
100% 
2025 Target
99% 
2024
0%
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Aluminum
In 2024, approximately 
71 percent of the aluminum 
in products we shipped 
to customers came from 
recycled sources.31 Learn 
more on page 14.
Steel
In 2024, we introduced the 
use of 80 percent recycled 
steel in the speaker 
attachment and Taptic 
Engine in Apple Watch 
Series 10.
Tin 
In 2024, we used more 
than 45 percent recycled 
tin on average across all 
product lines — up from 
40 percent in 2023.
Rare earth elements
In 2024, more than 
80 percent of the total rare 
earth elements that we 
shipped in products came 
from certified recycled 
sources — up from 
75 percent in 2023.
Tantalum
We continue our efforts 
to source 100 percent 
recycled tantalum and 
are actively investigating 
recovery solutions from 
end-of-life electronics to 
expand the availability of 
recycled tantalum.
Titanium
In 2024, Apple Watch 
Series 10 contained 
95 percent recycled 
titanium in the case.
Plastics
In 2024, we used at least 
50 percent recycled 
plastic in 20 components 
of iPhone 16 and 
iPhone 16 Plus. We also 
used 25 percent recycled 
plastic in the antenna 
lines, made from upcycled 
plastic bottles.
Copper
In 2024, we achieved 
100 percent recycled copper 
in multiple printed circuit 
boards across products.32 
We also introduced 100 
percent recycled copper 
in multiple thermal module 
components of Mac mini, 
16-inch MacBook Pro, and 
iMac (four ports).33
Gold
In 2024, our use of 
recycled gold increased to 
about 40 percent across 
all product lines — up from 
1 percent in 2021.
Cobalt
In 2024, 76 percent of 
the cobalt shipped in 
our products — up from 
52 percent in 2023 — 
came from certified 
recycled sources using 
mass balance allocation.
Glass
We expanded our use of 
recycled glass to select 
components of Apple 
Watch Series 10 and 
iPad mini.
Lithium
In 2024, approximately 
53 percent of the lithium 
shipped in our batteries 
came from certified recycled 
sources using mass 
balance allocation, including 
postindustrial scrap and 
postconsumer scrap from 
end-of-life batteries — up 
from 24 percent in 2023.
Paper
For information about our 
progress with paper, see 
our feature on packaging.
Tungsten
In 2024, approximately 
99 percent of the tungsten 
used came from recycled 
sources. Our disassembly 
robot, Daisy, and our 
recycling machine, Dave, 
helped recover and recycle 
tungsten from the T aptic 
Engine in our products.
Zinc
Mac mini contains 
100 percent recycled zinc 
in the AC inlet prongs and 
multiple small parts.
Challenges
Availability and access
Scale
Regulatory barriers
Traceability
Technical properties
Progress across our 15 priority materials
Supply chains
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All products launched in 
the calendar year include 
certified recycled content.
Some products launched in 
the calendar year include 
certified recycled content.
Recycled content is 
not applicable.*
No products launched in 
the calendar year include 
certified recycled content.
* Material is considered “not applicable” if it’s found only in trace amounts dispersed 
across modules.
** This chart reflects minimum recycled content by product. Some products may 
contain additional recycled material depending on production run or component 
availability. Please see our Product Environmental Reports for more information.
Our transition to certified recycled materials by product line
Increasing recycled content in 
our products
We’re progressing toward our goal of relying solely on responsibly 
sourced recycled or renewable materials for our products and 
packaging. The source of the materials we rely on matters to us — 
we value materials that don’t deplete the earth’s resources.
In 2024, we accomplished the following material achievements:
• In the iPhone 16 lineup, we used 100 percent recycled cobalt and 
over 95 percent recycled lithium in the battery.34
• In Mac mini, we used 100 percent recycled gold in the plating of 
all Apple-designed printed circuit boards.
• In Apple Watch Series 10, we used 100 percent recycled tin in 
the solder of all Apple-designed printed circuit boards.
These and other innovations helped us increase our use of recycled 
or renewable content to 24 percent of all the material shipped in 
products in 2024.35
2017 2019 2021 2024
Glass
Lithium
Titanium
Cobalt
Copper
Zinc
Steel
Gold
Tungsten*
Rare earth elements
Aluminum
Tin
Plastic
Products launched  
by calendar year**
Apple Watch
Desktop
Laptop
iPad
iPhone
Apple Watch
Desktop
Laptop
iPad
iPhone
Apple Watch
Desktop
Laptop
iPad
iPhone
Apple Watch
Desktop
Laptop
iPad
iPhone
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USB-C connector
100 percent recycled 
gold used in the 
USB-C connector of 
the iPhone 15 and 
iPhone 16 lineups
Camera
100 percent recycled 
gold used in the wire 
of all cameras of the 
iPhone 16 lineup
Standard connector
As of April 2025, 
99 percent of our custom 
and standard connectors 
use 100 percent recycled 
gold plating, enabling use 
by others in the industry
Printed circuit boards
In 2024, Mac mini 
became our first product 
to use 100 percent 
recycled gold in all 
Apple-designed printed 
circuit boards
FEATURE
Building a supply chain 
of recycled gold
Over the past four years, we’ve significantly 
expanded the use of recycled gold shipped in 
our products — from just 1 percent in 2021 to 
40 percent in 2024. And the progress doesn’t 
stop with our products alone — by innovating 
with our suppliers to source, refine, and use 
more recycled gold across their businesses, 
we’re extending our impact across the entire 
electronics industry. 
While used in low volumes, gold is an essential material in the circuit 
boards, connectors, and chips of Apple products. It offers excellent 
corrosion resistance, high electrical conductivity, and durability 
when alloyed with nickel or cobalt. But refining a small amount 
of gold requires mining a large amount of ore, making its carbon 
footprint significant. 
That’s why, across every component that uses gold, we’re focused 
on building recycled gold supply chains that meet our high standards 
for responsible sourcing and performance. This requires close 
collaboration with suppliers to provide technical assistance, validate 
that recycled gold maintains component performance, and conduct 
rigorous due diligence processes, including compliance screenings, 
third-party traceability assessments, and certification audits. 
Our efforts to expand the use of recycled gold in the plating of 
Apple-designed connectors, such as the USB-C connectors in the 
iPhone 16 lineup, have been especially successful. In 2024, we 
doubled the number of suppliers qualified to manufacture these 
custom-made connectors with 100 percent certified recycled gold. 
Now, these suppliers can apply what they’ve learned with us to other 
parts of their business, like in the standard connectors they build 
for our products and for their clients across the electronics industry. 
Today, 99 percent of the connectors in our products, both custom 
and standard, use 100 percent recycled gold plating. This progress, 
which extends beyond Apple, is the kind of ripple effect we hope to 
achieve with all our work. 
AirPods Pro 2
100 percent recycled gold 
in the plating of multiple 
printed circuit boards
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Responsible sourcing of materials
We require our suppliers to source our materials responsibly for both 
primary and recycled materials. Our Responsible Sourcing of Materials 
Standard is based on leading international guidance, including the 
United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights 
and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 
(OECD) Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains 
of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas. In 2024, 
100 percent of the identified tin, tantalum, tungsten, gold (3TG), 
cobalt, and lithium smelters and refiners in Apple’s supply chain 
completed third-party audits. 
We require our suppliers to review reported incidents and public 
allegations involving their materials’ supply chains, and to mitigate 
identified risks. In addition, suppliers must only use or source key 
materials in our supply chain from smelters, refiners, and recyclers 
who have completed, or demonstrated progress toward completion 
of, responsible sourcing audits. We also map the smelters and refiners 
suppliers use for other materials in our products — such as mica, 
copper, graphite, and nickel — and we evaluate suppliers’ supply 
chain due diligence for compliance with our requirements. As we build 
supply chains for recycled materials, we partner with the smelters and 
refiners that are able to meet and maintain our standards.
Industry collaboration
We continue to drive progress in our broader industry through 
multiple initiatives. For example, we worked directly with WBCSD 
to create the Critical Materials Collective and held the kickoff at 
2024 Climate Week. This initiative is focused on demonstrating 
action, starting with a focus on materials that have immediate policy, 
investment, and collaboration opportunities: aluminum and copper. 
We’re also on the steering committee of the Responsible Minerals 
Initiative (RMI) — one of the most commonly used resources for 
companies working to source minerals responsibly in their supply 
chains. We’re a supporter of the First Movers Coalition for Aluminum, 
whose focus is to aggregate demand signals for low-carbon 
technologies and materials.
Improving material and 
manufacturing efficiency 
Making our manufacturing processes more efficient creates less 
waste and helps us make the most of the materials that we use. 
We’re also working to design our products and packaging so 
that they require less material, helping reduce emissions from 
transporting and processing materials.
For example, in 2024, we redesigned the packaging for Apple Watch 
Series 10 to be smaller and more efficient than Apple Watch Series 9 
packaging, reducing the volume by about 10 percent and increasing 
the number of boxes we can fit onto a shipping pallet. This effort is 
a continuation of reducing the packaging volume of Apple Watch 
Series 9 compared with Apple Watch Series 8. We reduced the 
volume of the Apple Watch Series 10 box by more than 30 percent 
compared with Series 8 and increased the total number of boxes 
we can fit onto a pallet by 42 percent, meaning we can ship more 
watches on fewer trips. And as we progress toward our 2030 carbon 
neutrality goal, we’re investigating new materials and new ways to 
manufacture packaging efficiently.
Packaging efficiency
We designed Apple Watch 
Series 10 packaging to be 
smaller and more efficient 
than Apple Watch Series 9 
packaging, reducing the 
volume by about 10 percent 
and increasing the number 
of boxes we can fit onto a 
shipping pallet.
Driving product energy efficiency 
Product energy use accounts for 29 percent of our gross carbon 
footprint — and for this reason, we work to improve our products’ 
energy efficiency. We approach this challenge in the earliest 
phases of design, taking a holistic view of each product — from 
how efficiently the software operates to the power requirements of 
individual components. Apple products are consistently rated by 
ENERGY STAR, which sets specifications that reflect the 25 percent 
most energy-efficient devices on the market. In 2024, all eligible 
Apple products continued to receive an ENERGY STAR rating 
for superior energy efficiency.36 The new Mac mini, for example, 
exceeded those standards, using 79 percent less energy than 
required for ENERGY STAR.37 
Integrated circuits are at the core of technology products and, 
historically, have been carbon intensive to create. In support of 
our journey to Apple 2030, we’ve prioritized improving the carbon 
footprint of integrated circuits. We’ve also continued our work with 
the sustainable semiconductor technologies and systems research 
program of imec, a world-leading research and innovation hub in 
nanoelectronics and digital technologies in Belgium. We have two 
goals in this collaboration: to improve the carbon footprint models 
associated with leading nodes of integrated circuit production, and 
to use these models to identify carbon reduction opportunities for 
the entire integrated circuits industry. We aim to apply similar carbon 
footprint model improvements to other components to support our 
Apple 2030 journey.
We’re also exploring opportunities for improved efficiency across 
our product manufacturing processes. In 2024, we continued to 
invest in research and development projects aimed at creating 
less waste in processing materials, reducing machining time and 
associated energy use, more efficiently transforming material into 
near-net shapes, and maximizing the recovery and reprocessing 
of manufacturing scrap. Once these improved processes are 
successfully developed, we plan to work with our suppliers as they 
deploy them at scale at their facilities.
Using recycled and renewable materials helps lower our carbon 
footprint, moving us closer to our climate goals. To fulfill the transition 
to these materials, we’re working with policymakers to support 
international standards that enable the use of these materials globally.
Apple is committed to setting strict standards for responsible 
sourcing of the materials used in our products. For more information, 
read our People and Environment in Our Supply Chain Annual 
Progress Report and our Conflict Minerals Report.
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FEATURE
In 2024, we launched the carbon neutral 
Mac mini, our ultracompact and efficient update 
to the Mac family. Mac mini marked a milestone 
on our progress toward Apple 2030 — every 
decision across the product life cycle was 
informed by our goals to reduce emissions 
and use recycled materials. Mac mini is a 
powerful example of how those efforts come 
together, delivering measurable environmental 
progress while maintaining the high quality 
customers expect.
The Mac mini features 100 percent recycled material in the 
following components:
• Aluminum used in the enclosure and thermal module
• Gold in the plating of all Apple-designed printed circuit boards — 
the first for an Apple product
• Rare earth elements in all magnets
• Copper in multiple printed circuit boards, multiple thermal module 
components, AC inlet prongs, and multiple small parts38
• Tin in the solder of multiple printed circuit boards
Design and source
More than 50 percent of the 
materials, by weight, are recycled. 
The lifetime carbon emissions of 
Mac mini have been reduced by 
over 80 percent (compared to a 
business-as-usual scenario).39
Enclosure
The enclosure of 
Mac mini is about 
60 percent lighter than 
its predecessor, which 
reduces the material 
required to make the 
product and lowers 
emissions associated 
with transportation.
Energy efficiency
Uses 79 percent less 
energy than ENERGY 
STAR requirement.40
Mac mini drives progress 
toward Apple 2030
Make
The enclosure, made through a 
highly efficient impact extrusion 
process, requires 85 percent less 
aluminum than its predecessor.
Package and ship
We use 100 percent fiber-based 
packaging, and over half of 
Mac mini shipments by weight 
move via non-air transportation 
from final assembly to their 
next destination — lowering 
transportation-related emissions.
Use
By redesigning Mac mini around 
Apple silicon, we developed 
a new power supply and 
thermal architecture to improve 
energy efficiency without 
compromising performance.
Recover
Recoverability was a key 
consideration for end of use. 
Our work has made it easier to 
remove the battery for repair 
or recycling. 
Anodizing
Suppliers introduced 
water-saving processes 
in cascade rinsing for 
enclosure production.
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FEATURE
Innovating to reduce waste  
in packaging
We’re approaching our goal to remove 
plastics from our packaging by transitioning 
to 100 percent fiber-based packaging by the 
end of 2025.41 
Along our journey, we’ve addressed many packaging components 
that typically rely on plastic, including large product trays, screen 
films, wraps, and foam cushioning. We’ve replaced each with 
fiber-based alternatives and implemented innovative alternatives 
to the small uses of plastics across our packaging — like labels and 
lamination. At the same time, we’re taking steps to confirm that our 
packaging is recyclable and that the fiber we source comes from 
recycled sources or responsibly managed forests.
In 2024, we released multiple product lineups with 100 percent 
fiber-based packaging, including the iPhone 16, Apple Watch, 
and MacBook lineups.42
We also supported our second- and third-party vendors in their 
transitions to 100 percent fiber-based packaging. This group of 
more than 70 vendors offers approximately 1600 accessories and 
peripherals for Apple products. To kick off their efforts, we provided 
each vendor with a questionnaire to assess their current usage of 
plastics and identify the opportunities to use fiber-based materials. 
Vendors had access to our Product Development and Environment 
and Supply Chain Innovation teams to develop solutions for their 
packaging. As of January 2025, several vendors have completed the 
transition to fiber-based materials, while nearly 90 percent of our 
vendors are on track to do so by June. Many of these vendors create 
products that support other retailers. By joining in our goal to remove 
plastics in packaging by the end of 2025, some vendors are carrying 
their impact beyond Apple.
Apple’s packaging design guidelines factor in packaging 
recyclability, requiring the use of fiber-based materials that can 
break down to pulp as part of mixed-paper recycling streams, 
alongside materials like cereal boxes.43 We test our packaging 
to standards developed by independent industry and research 
organizations — including Western Michigan University, and the 
Confederation of European Paper Industries — and we continue 
to monitor evolving international packaging standards. And as we 
continue to reduce plastic in our packaging, we make sure that our 
wood, bamboo, and bagasse fibers are certified by standards such 
as FSC, PEFC, and Bonsucro.
2015 2024
Responsibly 
sourced virgin 
fiber††
Recycled fiber
Plastic 21%
39%
31%
60%48%
~1%
20pp
reduction in plastic  
packaging since 2015
Packaging fiber and plastic footprint*† 
(metric tons)
* In 2022, we expanded our packaging goal boundary 
to better reflect our impact, resulting in an increase 
of about 36 percent of our total packaging mass, 
relative to fiscal year 2021. We include retail bags, 
all finished goods boxes (including plastic content in 
labels and in-box documentation), packaging sent to 
our customers as part of Apple Trade In, AppleCare 
packaging for whole units and service modules (with 
the exception of plastics needed to protect items from 
electrostatic discharge), and secondary packaging of 
Apple products and accessories sold by Apple. Our 
goal boundary does not include the inks, coatings, or 
adhesives used in our packaging. In addition to our 
packaging footprint, we also calculate the fiber used at 
our corporate facilities. In fiscal year 2024, this number 
was 1700 metric tons.
† By the end of calendar year 2025, we plan to 
remove plastic from our packaging by transitioning 
to 100 percent fiber-based packaging. Our goal to 
remove plastic from packaging includes retail bags, 
all finished goods boxes (including plastic content in 
labels and in-box documentation), packaging sent to 
our customers as part of Apple Trade In, AppleCare 
packaging for whole units and service modules (with 
the exception of plastics needed to protect items from 
electrostatic discharge), and secondary packaging of 
Apple products and accessories sold by Apple. Our 
goal does not include the inks, coatings, or adhesives 
used in our packaging. We plan to remove plastic 
from the packaging of refurbished Apple products to 
100 percent fiber based by 2027, once old product 
packaging designs are phased out. We’ll continue 
selling existing inventory of AppleCare packaging 
for whole units and service modules that contain 
plastics for vintage and products at end of life until it is 
consumed. This change will enable us to avoid waste 
generated by repackaging goods in new 100 percent 
fiber-based packaging.
†† Responsible sourcing of fiber is defined in Apple’s 
Responsible Fiber Specification (PDF). 
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Electricity
Our path
We prioritize energy 
efficiency in each 
stage in our work, from 
initial design through 
manufacturing and 
beyond. Achieving 
maximum efficiency 
across our footprint is 
essential to meeting our 
2030 carbon neutrality 
goal. We’ve achieved 
100 percent clean 
electricity across our 
operations, and we’re 
working toward the same 
for our manufacturing 
supply chain and use 
of Apple products. By 
using clean electricity in 
place of fossil fuels, we’re 
contributing to cleaner air 
and lowering greenhouse 
gas emissions.
Our path
Energy efficiency and 
renewable electricity 
address emissions from:
Our progress
Avoided nearly 2 million 
MT CO2e, with more 
than 80 supplier 
facilities participating 
in our Supplier Energy 
Efficiency Program 
Our progress
Generated 31.3 million 
megawatt-hours of 
clean energy through 
the 17 .8 gigawatts 
of renewable energy 
procured by suppliers 
in our Supplier Clean 
Energy Program
Our progress
Partnered with PG&E 
to launch the new 
Electricity Usage and 
Rates features, enabling 
customers to connect 
their PG&E account to 
the Home app to access, 
understand, and make 
informed decisions about 
their electricity useIndirect emissions 
(Scope 2)
Product manufacturing 
(Scope 3)
Product use 
(Scope 3)
22
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Operating Apple facilities efficiently
Our data centers, retail stores, and offices all source 100 percent 
renewable electricity, and we remain focused on implementing 
energy reduction measures across our facilities. We assess natural 
gas and electricity usage at each of these site types — as well as 
research and development facilities — auditing how we perform 
and using best practices for energy management to reduce our 
loads. And we design our new buildings around occupants’ and lab 
users’ specific needs, enabling us to use our facilities efficiently 
and productively.
Enabling Apple Intelligence
We remain focused on our Apple 2030 goal while offering Apple 
Intelligence. Many features run entirely on-device using the power 
of Apple silicon — reducing the need for cloud computing. For user 
requests that need even larger models, we’ve also created Private 
Cloud Compute hosted on Apple silicon servers at our data centers 
that source 100 percent renewable energy. Our unique integration 
of hardware and software enables energy and power efficiency 
at every step — from the performance and efficiency of Apple 
silicon to the power management software features derived from 
iOS, which runs on these servers. And we’re optimizing inference 
execution and using the unique properties of Apple silicon to 
achieve greater efficiency.
Measuring our progress
Measurement is critical to maintaining building energy performance. 
We have a well-developed system of energy tracking and 
benchmarking, which includes data from utility meters that 
continuously monitor 15-minute electricity and daily natural gas 
energy consumption. This method helps us identify opportunities 
for performance improvement and actively manage our 
energy footprint.
In 2024, our energy efficiency program avoided more than 57 million 
kilowatt-hours of electricity, which includes savings from efficient 
servers, and more than 314,000 therms of natural gas through 
adjustments made to 4.7 million square feet of new and existing 
buildings.44 Together, these recent initiatives will avoid an additional 
18,000 metric tons of CO2e per year. Combined with ongoing 
energy savings from past years, and accounting for effective useful 
lifetime of legacy savings, we saved more than 93,000 metric tons 
of CO2e in 2024.45
Data centers
Data centers are traditionally energy intensive, requiring 
significant resources to cool heat-generating servers and 
IT equipment. That’s why we’re continuously monitoring 
and improving the controls for our cooling systems. This 
retrospective view often enables us to increase the cooling 
capacity of our existing facilities, thereby maximizing 
the number of servers within our data center footprint. 
In 2024, we continued to see energy savings at data 
centers. A proprietary server design we deployed in 2021 
that focused on energy and computing efficiency results 
in an additional 36 million kilowatt-hours per year in 
energy savings.
New facilities
When designing new facilities, or renovating existing 
facilities, we evaluate each major system as we manage our 
energy footprint. We select LED fixtures and install sensors 
and photocells to reduce light levels based on occupancy 
and the level of natural daylight. We install high-efficiency 
heating and cooling systems and transformers to reduce 
energy consumption from our plug loads. We take special 
attention to design safe, productive spaces, while still 
prioritizing energy savings. We also prioritize efficient 
compressed dry air systems and variable air-volume fume 
hoods for our R&D spaces.
Retail stores
We continue to prioritize energy efficiency and develop 
comprehensive energy models for stores as we work 
to align our design with our energy efficiency targets. 
We’ve also decarbonized even further by electrifying 
where possible.
Existing buildings
We have significant opportunities to save energy in 
retrocommissioning buildings that Apple already occupies 
or operates, including energy-intensive facilities like data 
centers. We audit the performance of buildings around 
the world, then deploy energy efficiency measures. 
Retrocommissioning focuses on building controls to 
optimize energy use and operational efficiency. We’re 
reducing natural gas usage and replacing natural gas 
equipment with electrical. We’re focused on reviewing and 
benchmarking our most natural gas–intensive buildings to 
look for reduction and fuel switching opportunities.
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89+7+4+m
Clean electricity
Maintaining 100 percent renewable electricity for Apple facilities
Our retail stores, data centers, R&D facilities, and offices around 
the world currently source 100 percent renewable electricity. We’ve 
focused our efforts to source renewables around several key pillars: 
• Creating new renewable energy projects
• Undertaking projects that deliver clear benefits to 
local communities
• Supporting renewable energy innovations
To address gaps in our renewable energy needs beyond what’s 
provided by Apple-created projects, we directly purchase renewable 
electricity through available utility green energy programs — about 
4 percent of our total corporate load in 2024. Colocation and 
distribution facility vendors supply about 3 percent of our total 
load of renewable energy. And in certain situations, we purchase 
renewable energy certificates (RECs), which in 2024 accounted 
for about 4 percent of our total load.46 When possible, we aim 
for our RECs to share the same power grid as the Apple facility 
they support. Appendix A provides additional details on Apple’s 
renewable energy solutions.
Supporting social impact
Our Power for Impact program, which launched in 2019, continues to 
help provide local communities with needed energy resources. With 
funding from Apple, local communities and organizations benefit 
from access to cost-effective renewable energy. Apple is currently 
supporting 17 renewable electricity projects around the world, 
including in the Philippines, Thailand, and South Africa. Read more 
about Power for Impact on page 29.
Improving energy efficiency in our 
supply chain
The manufacturing of Apple products accounts for 54 percent of 
our gross carbon footprint. To address this impact, we collaborate 
closely with our suppliers to prioritize energy reductions. Together, 
we work to use energy as efficiently as possible at every point in our 
supply chain, supporting the creation of more efficient factories all 
over the world. The Supplier Energy Efficiency Program, launched in 
2015, helps our suppliers optimize their energy use. Implementing 
energy efficiencies reduces the energy intensity of manufacturing, 
which translates to reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
We provide technical and planning support to suppliers as they build 
more energy-efficient systems. We support our suppliers by helping 
them recognize optimization opportunities and identify solutions 
through energy assessments. To assist with implementation, 
we connect suppliers to extensive education and training 
opportunities — including technical assistance resources — and 
help them access external funding for energy efficiency projects.
Our suppliers have successfully implemented a range of energy 
efficiency projects, from installing light sensors and implementing 
free cooling systems to making boiler and HVAC system 
energy improvements.
We launched the Asia Green Fund in 2019 to help provide technical 
expertise and finance capital-intensive energy efficiency projects. 
As green financing mechanisms remain integral to the Supplier 
Energy Efficiency Program, we’re exploring new approaches that 
connect suppliers to external funding for energy efficiency projects 
while scaling the program and accelerating reductions.
In 2024, more than 80 supplier facilities participated in our Supplier 
Energy Efficiency Program, achieving more than 2.5 billion kilowatt-
hours of electricity savings and more than 2.3 MMBtu in additional 
energy savings. Together, we estimate that this avoided nearly 
2 million metric tons of CO2e, representing a 13 percent increase in 
savings since 2023.
Apple-created projects
~89% 
Long-term renewable energy contracts 
Through long-term power purchase agreements, virtual 
power purchase agreements, and other forms of long-term 
commitments, we help support new, local, and primarily solar 
photovoltaic and wind projects in line with our renewable 
energy–sourcing standards around the world.
~8% 
Direct ownership 
We build our own projects — including solar, biogas fuel 
cells, and low-impact hydro projects — to provide renewable 
electricity, where feasible.
~4% 
Equity investment 
Around the world, we invest capital in new solar PV or 
wind projects in some markets, matching the renewable 
energy generated with our energy use.
Apple-created renewable sources account for about 89 percent of 
the renewable electricity that our facilities use — currently around 
1.8 gigawatts. New renewable electricity projects require investment. 
Apple-created projects include long-term renewable energy 
contracts, equity investment, and direct ownership.
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Transitioning our suppliers to 
renewable electricity
The electricity that our manufacturing suppliers use represents the 
largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions throughout our 
manufacturing supply chain. That’s why our efforts to facilitate our 
entire supply chain’s transition to 100 percent renewable electricity 
are essential to reaching our 2030 carbon neutrality goal.
Our Supplier Clean Energy Program (CEP) helps enable suppliers’ 
transition to renewable electricity by advocating for policy changes, 
providing information and access to renewable energy procurement 
options, and creating engagement opportunities with renewable 
energy experts. By engaging in this program, our suppliers can 
implement best practices in advocating for and procuring renewable 
energy across their corporate operations, including those associated 
with Apple production. The program also equips them to share 
lessons learned with other partners throughout their value chains, 
extending benefits beyond the scope of Apple.
To rapidly scale and accelerate progress to Apple 2030, the 
Apple Supplier Code of Conduct now requires our entire direct 
manufacturing supply chain to use 100 percent renewable electricity 
for all Apple production before 2030. In 2024, the 17.8 gigawatts of 
renewable energy procured by suppliers and online in Apple’s supply 
chain generated 31.3 million megawatt-hours of clean energy, 
avoiding 21.8 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions — 
a 17.4 percent increase over 2023.
Supply chain clean energy 
progress in gigawatts (GW)
FY24
FY22
FY20
FY18
FY16
Gigawatts 0 4 8 12 16 20
How suppliers are responding
Despite growing momentum and advocacy for renewables, 
transitioning to 100 percent renewable electricity presents 
challenges: technical and regulatory barriers, the need for capital 
investment, and a lack of access to high-quality and cost-effective 
solutions. Long-standing energy policies and infrastructure that 
incentivize the use of fossil fuels like coal or gas can make it difficult 
to bring new renewable energy online in certain regions. In some 
cases, our suppliers are prompted to rely on less impactful interim 
solutions, like one-time purchases of energy attribute certificates 
from existing renewable energy projects. These options represent 
an annual cost for buyers and often offer little opportunity for cost 
savings or a return on investment. To overcome these challenges, 
suppliers are using new purchasing methods, creating renewable 
energy businesses, and even participating in some of the world’s 
largest and most innovative renewable energy deals. Suppliers 
are also adapting to changing renewable energy markets by 
finding new solutions, including first-of-their-kind procurement 
structures in geographies that are introducing more corporate 
procurement options. 
In China, renewable power purchase agreements are launching 
and the Green Power Trading program is expanding. South Korea 
continues to expand options for green power, including power 
purchase agreements. Japan has introduced virtual and physical 
power purchase agreements. While we’ve seen progress in key 
markets, cost-effective procurement remains challenging, and we 
continue to advocate for policies that enable renewable energy to 
compete fairly with fossil fuels and subsidized power rates, opening 
more avenues for our suppliers to transition to sourcing 100 percent 
renewable electricity (see page 77).
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48+3+49+m36+4+59+1+m
Supplier renewable energy 
procurement mechanisms
Our suppliers are implementing clean energy solutions using a variety 
of contracting mechanisms. In 2024, suppliers relied mostly on 
renewable energy certificates (RECs) to meet their CEP commitments, 
largely due to the expansion of China’s Green Electricity Certificate 
(GEC) system and the recognition of GECs as a primary instrument for 
tracking renewable energy consumption. We view the strategic use 
of well-designed REC programs as an important interim solution to 
longer-term procurement options like green tariffs or power purchase 
agreements (PPAs), which are becoming increasingly available across 
the globe. And we’re working closely with our supply chain on their 
longer-term transitions.
Supplier renewable energy 
technologies
We work with our suppliers to select projects with the greatest potential 
for impact and with a clear carbon, ecological, and social benefit. “Other 
technology” includes clean energy sources such as some forms of 
sustainable biomass, geothermal, and small-scale, low-impact hydro.47
1%
Onsite renewable 
electricity
59%
Renewable energy 
certificates
36%
Renewable 
power purchase 
agreements
How we support our suppliers
Galvanizing internal champions
We’ve been able to quickly scale the Supplier Clean Energy Program 
by involving teams across Apple in supplier engagement, including 
supplier-facing Apple employees. We empower these employees 
with the tools to help speed a supplier’s transition to 100 percent 
renewable electricity. Data and transparency drive this process. 
We track the electricity use and renewable procurement of all our 
direct suppliers, including those who are just beginning to learn 
about renewable electricity and those well on their way to using 
100 percent renewable electricity. We help our suppliers measure 
progress and gain access to solutions. We’ve also continued to 
develop internal trainings and an engagement process for Apple 
employees and suppliers. By connecting our suppliers with 
resources and providing transparency on supplier progress, our 
teams are scaling impact across our supply chain.
Supporting supplier capacity
We share the knowledge we’ve gained through our transition to 
100 percent renewable energy with our suppliers, supplementing 
their efforts to identify and pursue opportunities to decarbonize 
as their businesses evolve. For this reason, we invest heavily 
in providing education and training across our supply chain 
through platforms such as our Clean Energy Academy, which 
includes advanced and customized trainings and workshops with 
leading experts. 
In 2024, nearly 300 supplier facilities in China and T aiwan 
participated in our Clean Energy Academies, which were attended 
by renewable energy developers and other industry guest speakers. 
The academies offer updates on available energy procurement 
options in suppliers’ markets, help suppliers prepare to participate 
in upcoming renewable energy pilots, and provide implementation 
guidance from local experts. This program supplements our 
Clean Energy Portal, available to all supplier facilities, which 
provides training materials, resources, and country-specific 
information to guide suppliers in their transition to 100 percent 
renewable electricity.
4%
Direct investment
49%
Solar
3%
Other technology
48%
Wind
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China Clean Energy Fund
In 2025, we launched a second 
fund to support renewable energy 
development in China. Our first fund 
enabled us and our suppliers to invest 
in renewable energy — with a total 
investment of more than 1 gigawatt  
of renewable electricity projects.
We’ve continued to support the creation of a first-of-its-kind public 
training platform that will be available to businesses across many 
different industries, giving companies of all sizes — in Apple’s 
supply chain and beyond — access to the resources and advocacy 
networks we’ve cultivated for nearly a decade. We’ve partnered with 
the Clean Energy Buyers Institute (CEBI) and other corporations 
to launch the inaugural Clean Energy Procurement Academy — 
a shared training curriculum and delivery process — which has 
begun hosting workshops in key markets to equip companies with 
the technical readiness to advance clean energy procurement, 
address scope 3 emissions, and decarbonize global supply chains.
Additionally, we support the creation and growth of renewable 
energy industry associations that include buyers, and that our 
suppliers can join to learn about local opportunities, such as the Asia 
Clean Energy Coalition and Clean Energy Buyers Association.
Expanding access to renewable electricity
To support our suppliers’ transition to renewable electricity, we help 
them find high-quality solutions so they can decide how best to 
address their specific needs. 
• The China Clean Energy Fund: In 2025, we launched a second 
fund to support renewable energy development in China. Our 
first fund enabled us and our suppliers to invest in renewable 
energy — with a total investment in more than 1 gigawatt of 
renewable electricity projects.
• Power purchase agreements (PPAs): We continue to support 
the global development of high-quality programs for generating 
and trading renewable energy certificates. We also connect 
suppliers with opportunities to buy renewable energy directly from 
project developers and utilities as those models emerge around 
the globe.
• Direct investments: To cover emissions from suppliers we don’t 
contract with directly, we invest in additional renewable electricity 
projects. To date, we’ve directly invested in nearly 500 megawatts 
of solar and wind projects in China and Japan to address our 
upstream electricity emissions.
Advocating for policy change
Effective government policies and rules can remove significant 
barriers to low-carbon solutions and enable solutions to rapidly 
scale. Suppliers need clean energy investments that make 
financial sense to effectively transition to renewable energy. But 
carbon-intensive energy sources, like coal and gas, often have a 
price advantage because of subsidies and the ignored costs of 
externalities, such as greenhouse gas emissions. 
Across the regions where our suppliers operate, we engage with 
policymakers to support renewable energy that’s cost-effective, 
accessible to companies, and sourced from high-quality projects 
with a clear benefit to local markets. 
For example, we’re encouraging governments not to subsidize or 
expand carbon-intensive infrastructure. We also encourage them to 
keep pace with the speed of technological innovation, consider the 
life cycle emissions of energy solutions, and support new energy 
solutions that effectively reduce global emissions. Additionally, 
we support government efforts in beneficial electrification 
and the build-out of necessary transmission infrastructure, all 
while considering cost-effectiveness. Public investments in 
decarbonization should be properly supported by funds generated 
from establishing a price on carbon pollution.
Collaborating with groups like the Asia Clean Energy Coalition 
(ACEC), Corporate Energy Demand Initiative (CEDI), and RE100 — 
which bring together the world’s most influential businesses through 
commitments to use renewable electricity — we’ve identified 
country-level policy barriers to procuring renewable electricity. 
By engaging in these initiatives and others, such as local working 
groups, we use local and international expertise and capacity to 
collate the challenges faced by member companies and advocate 
for critical policy shifts that support grid decarbonization. In 
Japan and South Korea, for example, we collaborated with other 
renewable energy users and called for enhancing the transparency 
in relevant renewable energy certificates. In China, Apple and 
suppliers continue to participate in meetings and events to share 
their experiences with renewable energy procurement, and 
discuss ways to improve policies and increase the availability of 
cost-effective solutions.
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Product use
The electricity that our customers use to charge and power their 
Apple devices represents 29 percent of Apple’s gross carbon 
footprint. Our emissions strategy is centered on the following 
four pillars: 
• Improving product-level energy efficiency
• Supporting renewable electricity projects globally, aiming to avoid 
as much carbon as charging and powering our devices emit
• Engaging with our customers to educate and provide 
opportunities to support decarbonizing the grid
• Continuing to advocate for energy policies that expedite the 
development and use of renewable energy around the world — 
critical for both our 2030 goals and for avoiding the worst impacts 
of climate change (see page 77) 
To learn more, read our white paper Apple’s Product Use 
Electricity Strategy.
Clean energy projects
One of the most meaningful ways to decarbonize the global 
electricity system between now and 2030 is to encourage the 
development of new renewable energy generation. Our goal is to 
match 100 percent of our product energy use in gigawatt-hours 
(GWh) with clean energy, aiming to avoid as much carbon as 
charging and powering our devices emit, including in 2024, our 
Mac mini and carbon neutral Apple Watch models. We plan to 
source 75 percent of renewable electricity from within the three 
broad geographic regions where the majority of our devices are 
sold — the U.S., Europe, and Asia Pacific — and we’re maintaining 
geographic flexibility for the remaining emissions to maximize 
carbon impact. It has become increasingly clear that grid carbon 
intensity varies around the world, and we have the ability to prioritize 
the creation of projects that deliver even greater carbon impact 
than a strictly regional approach would provide. As best practices 
for addressing product use emissions take shape, we’re working to 
identify ways that we match our product energy use in megawatt-
hours with clean energy, while additionally optimizing the carbon 
savings to help shape best practices for our industry.
Engaging with our customers
In addition to investing in renewables, we’re building features to 
make it easier for customers to access, understand, and make 
informed decisions about their overall home electricity usage. In 
2024, we made the Energy category within the Home app more 
personal and actionable by integrating customers’ home electricity 
usage directly into the experience. Millions of Pacific Gas and 
Electric Company (PG&E) customers across Northern and Central 
California can connect their utility account to the Home app to 
view their electricity usage and rate plan information, and we’re 
working with more utilities to support additional homes in the future. 
With this feature, customers can view their home electricity usage 
over time and see how it’s trending. If they’re on a rate plan where 
electricity prices vary during the day, customers can see how much 
electricity they used during lower- and higher-cost periods. And 
customers with rooftop solar can see when they used electricity 
from the grid — and when they sent it back. In addition to the 
Home app, this energy information is also available via widgets on 
iPhone, iPad, and Mac, and on Apple Watch. To learn more, visit our 
support page.
Our work in 2024 is a continuation of our prior commitment to 
enabling customers to help decarbonize the grid. Grid Forecast, 
another Home app feature that launched in the contiguous U.S. in 
2023, allows customers to see times of day when electricity from 
relatively cleaner sources is available on the grid. Customers can 
help reduce emissions generated when powering their devices in the 
home. To learn more, visit our support page.
Clean Energy Charging, which became available for iPhone in 
the contiguous U.S. in fall 2022, enables iPhone users to charge 
their devices at times of the day when the electric grid is relatively 
cleaner. We plan to expand Clean Energy Charging to iPhone and 
iPad demo devices in our retail and channel partner stores across 
the U.S. To learn more, visit our support page.
We continue to create features and experiences that help our 
customers understand and make informed decisions about their 
home electricity, and empower them to participate in the transition to 
a clean energy future.
Home app Electricity Usage and Rates features
In 2024, we introduced the Electricity Usage 
and Rates features in the Home app on iPhone, 
iPad, Mac, and Apple Watch, connecting 
consumers to their home electricity data.
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Global Power for Impact projectsIncreasing access to 
clean energy around 
the world
FEATURE
Nigeria: We helped fund a 
remote minigrid project that 
provides energy access to 
community members and 
replaces fossil fuels for some 
businesses. In addition, we also 
funded a solar power system 
to provide power to public 
healthcare centers in the state 
of Ondo, with excess energy 
serving households in the 
surrounding region.
United States: We supported a 
decarbonization project involving 
22 schools in California. Under 
the project, engineering students 
completed an ASHRAE Level 1 
Commercial Energy Audit while 
gaining skills and guiding their 
paths toward college and careers 
in sustainability.
Democratic Republic of the 
Congo: We provide access 
to renewable energy for the 
Malaika School, which empowers 
Congolese girls and their 
communities through education, 
agriculture, water projects, health 
outreach, sports, and vocational 
training. To support Malaika 
students and teachers, this solar 
initiative builds on other Apple 
collaborations, including virtual 
Today at Apple sessions on 
coding with Swift, photography, 
filmmaking, and design, as 
well as other events with Apple 
Retail teams and Diversity 
Network Associations.
South Africa: Our first PFI 
project in South Africa helped 
bring electricity to over 3500 
households that previously 
lacked access to local street 
lighting. In addition, we’ll help 
fund two more projects in South 
Africa at schools for children with 
disabilities. Along with five other 
operational projects across South 
Africa, these installations will 
reduce electricity costs, and the 
savings help fund operating costs 
and expand programs to support 
underserved groups.
Vietnam: Our work to support 
a program in Vietnam will 
provide solar electricity 
for 20 schools around the 
country, with aspirations to 
help showcase renewables 
and sustainable development. 
At five schools, solar energy 
systems have been installed 
and are operational.
Philippines: We helped 
fund a new rooftop solar 
installation at an educational 
institution in Bataan. This helps 
reduce electricity cost for the 
institution and free up funds for 
scholarships to high-achieving, 
underresourced students. 
Israel: We support the Nitzana 
Educational Eco-Village — a 
community for underserved 
youth — with a 260-kilowatt 
solar system to help lower 
electricity costs. The savings 
help enhance educational 
experiences for youth from 
various backgrounds. We 
also supported the expansion 
with another 64-kilowatt 
solar system installed in 
February 2023.
Nepal: We funded a solar 
and battery storage system 
at a nonprofit hospital that 
serves children throughout 
Nepal. This system will offer 
limited backup power during 
grid outages.
Thailand: We helped establish 
a solar energy system to 
replace polluting diesel fuel 
for a remote fishing village 
that relies on refrigerators to 
maintain the quality of its fish 
products. We increased local 
renewable energy production 
and battery storage to improve 
reliable access to electricity.
Power for Impact is driven by the idea 
that access to renewable energy creates 
opportunities within communities while 
benefiting our climate. 
We launched the initiative in 2019 to provide underresourced 
communities with renewable electricity while supporting economic 
growth and delivering social benefits.
The program funds renewable energy projects that are mutually 
beneficial — local communities and organizations get access to 
cost-effective energy, and we retain the environmental attributes 
of each project. We currently support 17 renewable projects in 
countries around the world.
India: We support a village-
based solar project that 
provides schools and medical 
clinics with access to clean, 
renewable solar energy in 
regions where conventional 
power infrastructure is limited 
or nonexistent. By transitioning 
these vital institutions to 
solar power, they can reduce 
energy costs while fostering 
environmental stewardship and 
sustainable development.
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Direct GHG emissions
Our purpose
We address the direct 
emissions that result 
from the materials we use 
in our products, as well as 
how we manufacture and 
transport them. In some 
cases, these emissions 
can be significant, which 
is why we seek out 
technological solutions 
and supplier engagement 
to abate emissions at 
their source. 
Our path
Direct emissions 
abatement addresses 
emissions from:
Our progress
100 percent of applicable 
display suppliers 
committed to abate at 
least 90 percent of their 
facility F-GHG emissions 
by 2030*
Our progress
Reduced transportation 
emissions by cutting the 
overall volume of  
packaging in the iPhone 16 
and iPhone 16 Plus by 
8 percent with a smaller 
and more efficient 
packaging redesign***
Direct emissions 
(Scope 1)
Product manufacturing 
(Scope 3)
Product transport 
(Scope 3)
Business travel 
(Scope 3)
Employee commute 
(Scope 3)
*  F-GHG abatement specification requires at least 
90 percent abatement of total facility F-GHG emissions 
at facilities with Apple-related production. **  For more information, see Appendix C: F-GHG Emissions.
***  Based on packaging volume relative to iPhone 15 and 
iPhone 15 Plus. Not included in U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin 
Islands, Guam, and Canada.
Our progress
Avoided more than 
8.4 million annualized 
metric tons of CO2e 
through our display and 
semiconductor suppliers’ 
abatement efforts**
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Rethinking how aluminum is made
As part of Apple’s commitment to reduce our products’ 
environmental impact through innovation, we partnered with 
aluminum companies and the governments of Canada and Quebec 
to invest in ELYSIS. This joint venture aims to commercialize 
patented technology that eliminates direct greenhouse gas 
emissions from the traditional smelting process. Since our 
collaboration began in 2018, we’ve helped accelerate the 
development of this technology by facilitating the joint partnership 
and providing initial funding and ongoing technical support. 
We shipped iPhone SE devices that used ELYSIS aluminum in 2022, 
building on our 2019 purchase from the first-ever commercial batch 
of aluminum resulting from the joint venture. The commercial-
purity aluminum in these products is the first to be manufactured 
without creating any direct greenhouse gas emissions during the 
smelting process. ELYSIS has continued to make progress within its 
Industrial Research and Development Center in Quebec to produce 
commercial-purity primary aluminum at industrial scale.
Addressing fluorinated greenhouse 
gas emissions
One of the largest contributors of direct emissions in our supply 
chain is the use of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-GHGs). F-GHGs 
are notably used in the electronics manufacturing of semiconductors 
and flat-panel displays, and their global warming potential (GWP) 
is orders of magnitude higher than that of CO2. While the use of 
F-GHGs in certain manufacturing processes today is difficult to 
avoid, emissions can be reduced by switching to alternative low 
GWP gases, optimizing production processes to use and emit fewer 
F-GHGs, and installing gas abatement tools. We’re collaborating 
closely with our supply chain partners as they work to prevent these 
gases from being released into the atmosphere.
Since the launch of our engagement efforts in 2019, our largest 
manufacturers of displays and semiconductors have committed to a 
high standard of F-GHG abatement. In 2024, our display suppliers’ 
efforts resulted in avoided emissions of more than 8.4 million metric 
tons CO2e, annualized.48 Further, through engagement in sector-
specific industry coalitions, we’re working to accelerate climate 
action across the whole semiconductor value chain. For example, 
in 2024, we partnered with the Semiconductor Climate Consortium 
(SCC) to support Initiatives across the semiconductor value chain.
Supporting supplier capacity
As we tackle direct emissions across our supply chain, we’re building 
out new educational materials and resources support to help our 
suppliers decarbonize their direct emissions. In 2024, we continued 
our virtual training series focused on reporting and abating scope 1 
emissions, with over 250 supplier attendees — up from 100 in 2023.
We continue to launch supplier programs targeted at addressing 
direct emissions from energy and processes that produce Apple 
products. The manufacturing of Apple products accounts for 
54 percent of our gross carbon footprint. This includes emissions 
from fuel combustion; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 
(HVAC); refrigeration; fluorinated gases; and other physical or 
chemical processes (excluding transportation). These sources vary 
widely and require use of diverse technologies and solutions to 
abate. Our approach is to identify carbon intensive processes across 
our supply chain — like the use of fluorinated gases in display and 
semiconductor manufacturing — and launch targeted programs to 
address these carbon hotspots in partnership with our suppliers, 
governments, and industry stakeholders.
Supplier F-GHG abatement
In 2024, our display and semiconductor 
suppliers’ efforts resulted in avoided 
emissions of more than 8.4 million 
metric tons CO2e, annualized.
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FEATURE
Obtaining commitments to reduce 
greenhouse gas emissions
We’re working with our suppliers to reduce 
fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-GHGs) 
essential to their manufacturing processes. 
There’s an urgency to act on mitigating F-GHGs emissions. 
Because of their significantly larger global warming potential 
relative to carbon dioxide, F-GHGs carry an outsized impact on 
supply chain direct emissions. Since these gases are integral to the 
manufacturing of semiconductors and flat-panel displays, which are 
increasingly in demand, there’s a clear need to take decisive steps to 
reduce these impacts. 
Existing technological solutions are capable of removing and 
destroying these gases at high efficiency. Cost remains a persistent 
barrier manufacturers face in deploying these systems. Procuring 
and installing abatement infrastructure and technologies represent 
a significant investment. Without clear regulatory requirements 
surrounding F-GHG emissions, many manufacturers have not 
prioritized maximizing F-GHG emissions reductions. Given the 
outsized impact of F-GHG emissions, the industry needs to continue 
driving emissions reductions through reducing the use of F-GHGs, 
finding and using safe alternative gases, and maximizing abatement.
We’ve historically supported voluntary efforts by our display and 
semiconductor manufacturers to reduce their F-GHG emissions. 
But we’re pushing these efforts forward by seeking commitments 
from these suppliers to abate at least 90 percent of these gases 
from their facilities with Apple-related production in support of our 
Apple 2030 goal.49 These commitments govern not only Apple 
components, but also those manufactured for other companies 
at the same facilities. In 2024, our display and semiconductor 
suppliers’ abatement efforts reduced more than 8.4 million 
annualized metric tons of CO2e for Apple-related production.
Our manufacturers are willing to join us in addressing these 
emissions. As of March 2025, 100 percent of our applicable 
display suppliers and 26 of our semiconductor suppliers with direct 
manufacturing for Apple have committed to these reductions.50 As 
we lead together on achieving these aggressive emission reduction 
targets, we’re working with global environmental verification bodies 
to develop frameworks to validate the results we’re achieving.
F-GHG abatement commitment
As of March 2025, 26 semiconductor 
manufacturers have committed 
to at least 90% F-GHG emissions 
abatement for their entire facilities 
with Apple-related production.
Alpha and Omega Semiconductor Limited
ams-OSRAM AG
Analog Devices, Inc. (ADI)
Bosch Sensortec GmbH
GlobalFoundries
Infineon Technologies AG
Kioxia Corporation
Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Nisshinbo Micro Devices Inc.
Nuvoton Technology Corporation
onsemi
Qorvo, Inc.
Rohm Company Limited
Samsung Electronics Co.
Skyworks Solutions Incorporated
Sony Semiconductor Solutions Corporation
STMicroelectronics N.V.
T aiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited
TDK Corporation
Texas Instruments Incorporated
Tower Semiconductor
United Microelectronics Corporation
Committed semiconductor manufacturers include, but not limited to, the following: 
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Transporting products
In 2024, transportation-related emissions increased compared to 
2023, driven in part by a transformation of our methodology for 
calculating these emissions. Apple teams worked with experts to 
enhance our methodology using newly available data, international 
standards, and industry best practices to unlock detailed 
calculations of movements throughout our supply chain. 
The methodology sets a broader boundary for transportation 
emissions and reflects our global supply chain. We enhanced how 
we incorporate movements to and from air and ocean ports, and 
from our distribution centers to Apple stores and customers. We 
also increased the accuracy of key emissions calculation inputs — 
for example, where possible, we utilize Apple Maps routing to 
estimate ground distances to delivery points. The new methodology 
demonstrates our commitment to achieving our Apple 2030 goals 
based on the most accurate view of available data.
This update has transformed the way our teams can use emissions 
data. For the first time, emissions impacts will be available within our 
execution workflows, including supply chain decisioning processes 
and planning tools, enabling new emissions reduction opportunities. 
We’ll continue to work to improve the calculation as we make 
progress on Apple 2030 goals. 
On average, ocean shipping emissions are 95 percent lower than 
air transport emissions.51 Increasing the use of ocean shipping for 
our products remains a priority. For example, our carbon neutral 
Mac mini will ship at least 50 percent of the combined weight 
using non-air modes — like ocean shipping — over the lifetime of 
the product.52
We continue to focus on shipment efficiency and consolidation. 
For example, we’ve reduced unnecessary space aboard aircraft 
and trucks by using smaller, custom pallets, creating more efficient 
shipments. In 2024, we redesigned the packaging for Mac mini to be 
smaller and more efficient than its predecessor, reducing the volume 
by over 35 percent. And the Apple online store now offers customers 
the option to consolidate orders with multiple products into fewer 
shipments for eligible product combinations.
We’re collaborating with our suppliers to explore technical 
innovations for transport, including alternative fuels and electric 
vehicles. We remain committed to exploring pathways for developing 
sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) through our engagement with First 
Movers Coalition. In 2023, we shared learnings with our partners, 
including suppliers and industry groups. Read the summary of our 
findings in the “Promising production pathways and opportunities 
to scale” section of the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Primer report. We 
also trialed the limited use of SAF on two flights that shipped select 
iPad models in 2023. 
In 2024, we continued to partner with carriers that offer low-carbon 
deliveries using electric vehicles (EVs), such as e-bikes and cars, 
reducing our impact in customer communities. By prioritizing 
vendors that offer low-carbon options, we’re signaling the value of 
these options and incentivizing further decarbonization. 
Improving employee travel 
and commute
We’re focused on finding new ways to reduce the carbon footprint 
from our employees commuting to work. For example, we’re helping 
our employees transition from single-occupancy vehicles to mass 
transit, coach services, and campus bicycles. To incentivize the use 
of electric vehicles, we provide 2104 EV charging stations and 4020 
ports across our U.S. campuses. For the commute-related emissions 
that remain, we’re applying high-quality offsets.
Packaging efficiency
We reduced Mac mini packaging 
volume by more than 35 percent 
compared with its predecessor.
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Carbon removal
Our purpose
We’re rapidly scaling up 
carbon removal solutions, 
beginning with nature-
based solutions that are 
available today, while 
exploring the solutions of 
the future aligned with a 
1.5° C pathway. Science 
shows that limiting the 
planet’s warming will 
require both deeply 
decarbonizing industrial 
emissions over the next 
30 years and significantly 
ramping up carbon 
removal to address 
the surplus carbon 
dioxide (CO2) already in 
the atmosphere.
Our path
We’re pursuing 
opportunities for carbon 
removal through the 
following efforts:
Aligning with science Ensuring project 
quality
Achieving multiple 
benefits
Building scalable 
solutions
Carbon removal is essential to any 
strategy to address climate change — 
while working alongside efforts to 
decarbonize industry and protect and 
restore Earth’s ecosystem
Our progress
Planted more than 
8 million trees across 
more than 24,000 
hectares in Apple’s 
Restore Fund joint 
venture in Brazil, 
where reforestation 
within the project 
created a 5-kilometer 
habitat corridor to 
protect species and aid 
conservation efforts
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The need for carbon removal
The science is clear on the need to limit the planet’s warming in 
order to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. Carbon removal 
is essential to any strategy to address climate change — while 
working alongside efforts to decarbonize industry and protect and 
restore Earth’s ecosystem. We’re committed to reducing our scope 
1, 2, and 3 emissions by 75 percent by 2030 and working toward 
reaching a 90 percent reduction in emissions from our 2015 baseline 
by 2050.
This is why we’ve made a bold commitment to rapidly scale 
up carbon removal solutions, aligning our goals with the 
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and pushing 
for more aggressive reductions where possible. We plan to reach 
our goal of becoming carbon neutral across our entire value chain 
by 2030 using a wide range of solutions at our disposal, prioritizing 
significant emissions reductions, followed by long-term carbon 
removal initiatives. We started by reducing our corporate emissions 
through the use of 100 percent renewable electricity and energy 
efficiency efforts at our facilities. But emissions remain difficult to 
avoid in some activities — including the emissions from business 
air travel and employee commute.
For the emissions we can’t avoid, we use high-quality offsets as 
an interim solution. We’re intentional about identifying avoided 
deforestation and removal projects that are of a high standard and 
that achieve meaningful impact. We often originate our own projects 
working with a reputable partner, like Conservation International, 
or we carefully select projects from third-party-certified registries. 
We’re also pursuing innovative solutions to reach our 2030 goals 
and beyond.
For more details about our purchases of high-quality carbon credits, 
see Data: High-quality carbon credits.
Nature-based carbon removal
Nature-based solutions are the only scalable and economically 
viable opportunities to mitigate climate change between now and 
2030, according to the current science. In addition to providing 
climate benefits, nature-based solutions offer multiple co-benefits, 
including enhanced employment and local livelihoods, improved 
biodiversity, soil carbon and nutrient cycling, and increased timber 
supply that can reduce the pressure on primary forests.
The IPCC lays out a range of options to remove carbon from the 
atmosphere using a combination of photosynthesis and chemistry. 
These approaches include existing climate solutions, such as 
afforestation and reforestation, and relatively new technologies, such 
as direct air capture (DAC) and ocean alkalinization. We’ve looked at 
how these approaches could help balance our residual emissions as 
we focus on the global urgency to scale up carbon removal.
Our review of different available technologies helped us determine 
that nature-based solutions — including afforestation, reforestation, 
and revegetation (ARR) and soil carbon sequestration — currently 
offer the most comprehensive carbon removal approach.
Initiating a shift in investments in 
voluntary carbon markets
The current carbon markets are too small to deal with the scope 
and integrity of impact needed to remove tens of billions of metric 
tons of carbon by 2050. We’ve set out to improve the scale, quality, 
and capacity of these markets — and their appeal to investors — 
while initiating a shift in the potential of these markets to achieve 
an impact. We’re also aiming to build a pipeline of projects that 
meet the highest-quality standards and that can scale to meet the 
growing demand for nature-based removals. 
In 2021, Apple partnered with Goldman Sachs and Conservation 
International to launch the Restore Fund — an innovative nature-
based carbon removal investment strategy. In 2023, we doubled 
our commitment to nature-based restoration with a second fund in 
partnership with Climate Asset Management. Both of these funds 
aim to remove 1 million metric tons of carbon dioxide annually from 
the atmosphere at peak, as well as provide important benefits for 
local communities and protect and enhance biodiversity. 
We developed the Restore Fund as a pilot to pursue nature-based 
carbon removals and bring investable solutions to scale. And as 
we continue to implement the Restore Fund, we’re also looking to 
see how we can make nature-based removals more accessible. 
The expanded fund targets two types of investments: regenerative 
agriculture and other ecosystem assets and a pipeline of landscape 
restoration projects that aim to remove carbon from the atmosphere.
Verifying high-quality projects to 
achieve high impact
Working to verify the quality of projects is foundational to our carbon 
removal efforts. We screen potential Restore Fund projects, conduct 
site visits, and perform due diligence with the managers prior to 
approval. To confirm our projects meet strict quality standards, 
we carry out detailed assessments of the carbon impact of each 
investment by using satellite data analysis by Space Intelligence, 
and evaluate the social and environmental impacts to ensure 
they align with our investment criteria developed in partnership 
with Conservation International. After a project is approved, we 
continue assessing quality through validation and certification 
processes — like the International Carbon Registry project design 
description (PDD) program — and ongoing audits, satellite-based 
monitoring enabled by Upstream Tech and Space Intelligence, and 
ground-based inventories.
We also collaborate with like-minded organizations such as the 
World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s Nature 
Climate Solutions Alliance to support government-led climate 
action that incentivizes voluntary business investments in high-
quality nature-based solutions. The alliance focuses on identifying 
opportunities and barriers to investment in the natural climate 
solutions voluntary carbon market and also serves as a forum for 
knowledge sharing and technical capacity building to help natural 
climate solutions reach their full potential in abating climate change.
Read more about our work in our white paper, Apple’s Carbon 
Removal Strategy.
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FEATURE
Investing in restoring and reforesting 
degraded lands in Brazil
Carbon removal projects can achieve 
environmental and social benefits while 
offering potentially profitable investments. 
Our support of a Brazilian reforestation 
strategy demonstrates how reforestation 
and tree farming can work side by side 
toward a profitable model that benefits the 
environment and the people who depend on it.
Through the Restore Fund, we provided the foundational investment 
in Project Alpha in 2022, the first investment in a pioneering large-
scale restoration strategy alongside the BTG Pactual Timberland 
Investment Group and advised by Conservation International that 
supports commercial eucalyptus tree farms with the revival of 
native forests in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, 
and Mato Grosso do Sul. This integrated approach recognizes that 
solely relying on tree farms or natural forest restoration would be 
insufficient to achieve social impact and financial goals. A combined 
approach, however, has the potential to achieve environmental, 
social, and economic returns. 
Ecological integrity is at the center of the project. Much of the 
24,119-hectare site — approximately four times the size of 
Manhattan — had been deforested and degraded through cattle 
ranching practices, but offered significant carbon removal potential. 
Since 2022, the project has planted nearly 15 million trees and is 
projected to offset more than 8.5 million tons of carbon dioxide 
equivalent within 15 years. At the same time, the project can achieve 
positive impacts on water quality, watershed function, and habitat 
connectivity. Riparian buffers of 400 meters surround the site, 
providing crucial protection of wildlife habitats of 385 species, 
including nine threatened species. This commitment to conservation 
has resulted in the creation of a 5-kilometer habitat corridor, 
connecting restored forest areas with a neighboring legal reserve, 
forming a contiguous forest cover spanning over 10,000 hectares.
Beyond conservation and ecological restoration, Project Alpha also 
drives positive social impact. The project supports 213 full-time 
employees (up from 9 employees in 2022).
Nine different forest restoration methods are being tested to support 
the project’s long-term success. The project also employs cutting-
edge technology for monitoring and management. Light Detection 
and Ranging (LiDAR), drone flyovers, and Apple Maps are used to 
track restoration progress and support the health of both tree farms 
and natural forests. This data-driven approach allows for adaptive 
management and continuous improvement.
Project Alpha’s impact extends beyond its immediate boundaries. 
The project is projected to receive its first Verra verification in 2026 
to measure and quantify emissions reductions and removals — and 
assess additionality. The results will also serve as a model for other 
large-scale restoration initiatives, encouraging investment in similar 
projects where economic development and environmental impact 
can align.
Apple Restore Fund
Apple provided the foundational 
investment in a Restore Fund joint 
venture in Brazil, which combined 
economic development with 
environmental stewardship.
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Resources
In this section
Approach
Product longevity
Material recovery
Water
Zero waste
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Approach 
Resources 
We prioritize sourcing, using, and recycling the 
materials we rely on in a way that meets our 
high standards for labor, human rights, and 
environmental stewardship.
Our commitment to responsibly using resources spans our corporate 
operations and supply chain. This means sourcing responsibly, 
minimizing our freshwater use, and working to eliminate waste 
across both Apple-owned and supplier sites. We aim to reduce 
the overall resource footprint of our products by collaborating 
with suppliers, NGOs, recyclers, community stakeholders, and 
innovation leaders. Reaching our commitments requires broader 
engagement through collaborations that enable the stewardship 
of shared resources.
Building durable, long-lasting products is central to our approach, 
ensuring the best use of the resources required to create them. 
Our aim is to one day make our products solely from responsibly 
sourced materials — whether recycled or renewable — while 
maintaining our same rigorous standards of quality and durability.
Water is one of our most critical resources. Because it’s also a 
community resource, we prioritize our stewardship efforts and look 
beyond our facilities to the various water basins where Apple and 
our suppliers operate. We’re working to improve the quality of the 
water that our communities rely on through collaborations with local 
partners — including companies, NGOs, and government agencies.
We also conserve resources by working to eliminate waste. 
We reuse and recycle across our operations and supply chain, 
including innovating reuse approaches and creating new recycling 
opportunities with local businesses.
Areas of impact
Product longevity
Designing durable, repairable hardware, using software 
updates to extend functionality, providing convenient 
access to safe and high-quality repair services, 
and directing devices and parts for refurbishment 
and reuse.
Material recovery
Improving how we collect end-of-life products and 
developing recycling innovations to enable us and 
others to use old devices as raw material sources for 
the future.
Water
Reducing water impacts in the manufacturing of our 
products, the use of our services, and our facility 
operations while transitioning to alternative solutions, 
improving the quality of water we discharge, and 
protecting shared water resources.
Zero waste
Minimizing overall waste generated and working to 
eliminate waste sent to landfill from our manufacturing 
supply chain, corporate offices, data centers, and 
retail stores.
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Product longevity 
Our purpose
We approach designing 
our products for longevity 
as a companywide 
effort, which informs our 
earliest product decisions 
and is guided by data 
on how products have 
performed over time. 
Working toward product 
longevity requires 
balancing durability and 
repairability while not 
compromising safety, 
security, and privacy. We 
strive to increase product 
longevity through new 
design and manufacturing 
technologies, ongoing 
software support, and 
expanded access to 
repair services. 
Our path
To achieve product 
longevity, we prioritize 
the following actions:
Our progress
Introduced a new, easier 
battery replacement 
process for iPhone 16 
using novel adhesives, 
enabling faster, more 
repeatable, and 
safer removal
Our progress
Expanded the number 
of genuine Apple parts 
that can be recovered 
or refurbished to meet 
our high quality and 
performance standards 
for reuse as replacements
Our progress
Launched Repair 
Assistant with iOS 18, 
allowing customers and 
repair professionals to 
configure new and used 
Apple parts directly on a 
device while optimizing 
performance and 
supporting the safety, 
security, and privacy 
of iPhoneDurability
Refurbishment 
and reuse
Repair access
Software updates
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Durability
Our customers and the environment are best served by enhancing 
a product’s durability. And durable products hold their value 
longer. iPhone, for example, holds its value longer than other 
smartphones.53 As of January 2025, iPhone 7 Plus, introduced 
in 2016, still had monetary value for Apple Trade In in the 
United States.54
We design our devices with the rigors of daily use in mind. Our 
engineering teams look for every opportunity to achieve high levels 
of durability for every material used, part selected, and product 
assembled. Our Reliability Testing Lab assesses our designs against 
our rigorous durability standards. This process occurs across 
the product development life cycle, exploring potential points of 
failure before the first prototype is built and informing component 
and design improvements. Our testing methods mimic realistic 
conditions in which our customers use their products — exposing 
products to liquids and foods, skincare products, intense UV light, 
and abrasive materials. As customer-use patterns evolve, we 
continue updating our test approaches to improve our product 
quality year after year.
During product development, we test numerous units of a 
product, relying on the results to inform each successive round 
of design. For example, we use a range of techniques to test 
iPhone for exposure to water. These include a swing arm nozzle, 
which simulates spraying or splashing to assess for IPX3/4 water 
resistance, and a pressurized vessel that creates underwater 
conditions to test for IPX7/8 water immersion protection.55 And in 
2024, we launched an improved Ceramic Shield in iPhone 16. The 
latest-generation Ceramic Shield features an advanced formulation 
that’s 50 percent tougher than the first generation and two times 
tougher than glass on any other smartphone.
“The iPhone 16 is the most repairable 
mass market flagship phone out there.” 
Kyle Wiens  
CEO of iFixit
Designing products with repairability 
in mind
We continue to make progress in designing more durable products 
and offering customers more repair options. At the same time, we’re 
working to make repairs more accessible and affordable through the 
following efforts: 
• iPhone 16 introduced a new process for removing the battery from 
the enclosure, making replacement faster, easier, and safer for 
individual technicians and repair professionals. Running a low-
voltage electrical current through the battery adhesive causes the 
battery to release from the enclosure.
• The iPhone 16 Pro lineup improves serviceability for the USB-C 
connector and LiDAR Scanner.
• Mac mini was designed with features to facilitate easier 
battery removal. 
• We’ve expanded the availability of repair parts around the world 
to support older products for up to seven years. For example, 
a program for Mac laptops makes battery repair available for 
up to 10 years after a product was last distributed, subject to 
parts availability. 
For more information about the 
availability of service parts and repairs, 
refer to the Apple Support page or app. 
To learn more about our approach to 
Product longevity, see our white paper, 
Longevity, by Design.
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iPhone (1st generation)
 SIM tray   
iPhone 4
 SIM tray 
 Battery
 Haptics
 Rear camera
iPhone 7
 SIM tray 
 Battery
 Haptics
 Rear camera
 Main logic board
 Display
  Splash, water, and dust resistant: 
IP67* 
   Sapphire crystal lens cover
iPhone X
 SIM tray
 Battery
 Haptics
 Rear camera
 Main logic board
 Display
 Bottom speaker
 Enclosure
  Splash, water, and dust resistant: IP67*
  Sapphire crystal lens cover 
  Surgical-grade stainless steel
iPhone 13
 SIM tray 
 Battery
 Haptics
 Rear camera
 Main logic board
 Display
 Bottom speaker
 Top speaker 
 Enclosure 
 TrueDepth camera
  Splash, water, and dust resistant: 
IP68* 
  Sapphire crystal lens cover
  Surgical-grade stainless steel
  Ceramic Shield
iPhone 16
 SIM tray 
 Battery
 Haptics
 Rear camera
 Main logic board
 Display
 Bottom speaker
 Top speaker 
 Enclosure 
 TrueDepth camera
 Back glass
 Main microphone
 USB-C connector
  Splash, water, and dust resistant: 
IP68* 
 Sapphire crystal lens cover
  Aerospace-grade aluminum
 Latest-generation Ceramic Shield**
2007 2010 2016 2018 2021 2024
Increased durability and repairability enhance iPhone longevity
  Repairable at retail stores, Apple Authorized Service 
Providers, and central repair locations
  Features to enhance durability
* iPhone 7 , iPhone X, iPhone 13, and iPhone 16 models are splash, water, and dust resistant and were 
tested under controlled laboratory conditions. iPhone 7 and iPhone X have a rating of IP67 under 
IEC standard 60529 (maximum depth of 1 meter up to 30 minutes). iPhone 13 and iPhone 16 have 
a rating of IP68 under IEC standard 60529 (maximum depth of 6 meters up to 30 minutes). Splash, 
water, and dust resistance are not permanent conditions, and resistance might decrease as a result 
of normal wear. Do not attempt to charge a wet iPhone; refer to the user guide for cleaning and 
drying instructions. Liquid damage is not covered under warranty.
** Latest-generation Ceramic Shield available in iPhone 16, iPhone 16 Plus, iPhone 16 Pro, and  
iPhone 16 Pro Max.
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1 3
2
Repair access
The ability to repair a device and access repair services are 
important considerations when designing long-lasting products. 
But optimizing for repairability alone may not yield the best outcome 
for our customers or the environment. Apple strives to improve the 
longevity of devices by following a set of design principles that 
help resolve tensions between repairability and other important 
factors — including impact on the environment; expanding access 
to repair services; preserving the safety, security, and privacy of our 
customers; and enabling transparency in repair. If a repair is needed, 
we seek new ways to offer convenient access to safe, reliable, and 
secure repairs — whether by Apple, a third-party repair shop, or the 
customer directly — to help solve the issue as quickly as possible. 
We’ve expanded our repair footprint over the past four years — 
increasing the number of professional service locations with 
access to genuine Apple parts, tools, and training. Repair options 
include Apple Store locations, Apple Authorized Service Providers, 
participating Independent Repair Providers, mail-in repair centers, 
onsite service, and Self Service Repair. This also includes a global 
network of more than 10,000 Independent Repair Providers and 
Apple Authorized Service Providers.
Since 2019, our Independent Repair Provider program has enabled 
repair businesses of all sizes to access genuine Apple parts, tools, 
diagnostics, and training. This program expanded from the U.S., 
Europe, and Canada to more countries and territories worldwide. We 
train and certify service personnel to repair Apple products, helping 
them correctly diagnose issues — leading to successful service 
and repair and preventing damage to devices so that they work as 
they should.
Launched in April 2022, Self Service Repair gives anyone with 
relevant experience in repairing electronic devices access to the 
manuals, genuine Apple parts, and tools used at Apple Store 
locations and Apple Authorized Service Providers. In February 2024, 
Apple Diagnostics for Self Service Repair became available in Europe 
following its introduction to the U.S. in 2023. Apple Diagnostics 
troubleshooting sessions give customers the same ability as Apple 
Authorized Service Providers and Independent Repair Providers to 
test devices for optimal part functionality and performance, as well 
as to identify parts that may need repair. With this expansion, Apple 
Diagnostics for Self Service Repair now supports iPhone, Mac, and 
Studio Display models in 33 countries and 24 languages.
Self Service Repair is available in the U.S. and is now offered to 
Apple users in 32 European countries — including the UK, France, 
Germany, and the Netherlands. Self Service Repair supports 42 
Apple products and now includes MacBook Air models powered by 
M3. In the coming months, Canada will become the 34th country 
where Apple offers Self Service Repair.
iPhone 16 introduced a new, easier battery replacement 
process for utilizing novel adhesives which allow for faster, 
more repeatable, and safer removal.
Connect the adhesive tabs to 
the 9V battery.
Hold the connection to debond the adhesive.
Lift the battery from the enclosure 
using a suction cup.
1:30
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Software features
Free software updates also support our product longevity goals. 
We provide these to enhance our customers’ experience by allowing 
them to access the latest features available to their devices for 
as long as possible. This includes important security and privacy 
updates. As we continually improve the operating systems that 
power our products, we also make sure that each software release 
runs seamlessly on all supported devices. Customers can benefit 
from the latest software updates whether they’re using a brand-new 
device or one that’s several generations older.
iOS 18 introduced Repair Assistant, a powerful tool that helps 
customers and repair professionals complete repairs after a part 
has been replaced in an iPhone or iPad. Repair Assistant installs 
calibration data to pair recently installed parts and validate that 
they’re working as expected and calibrated correctly.
Our most recent release, iOS 18 extends support back to iPhone XS 
(2018). iPadOS 18 compatibility goes back to the seventh-
generation iPad (2019), and macOS 14 Sonoma supports MacBook 
models from 2018 on. These updates provide customers with access 
to the newest security and privacy features.
High adoption rates are a clear signal that customers value software 
updates. By January 2025, more than 75 percent of all iPhone 
devices introduced in the last four years had updated to iOS 18, and 
iPadOS 18 was used on over 60 percent of iPad devices introduced 
in the last four years.
Refurbishment and reuse
Refurbishing and reusing products helps lower the impact that each 
device has on the environment — including its carbon intensity per 
year of life. We extend the life of our products by building them with 
durability in mind — enabling them to serve more than one owner 
and allowing our customers to exchange devices for an upgrade.
We collect devices for refurbishment and reuse through several 
programs, including Apple Trade In, the iPhone Upgrade Program, 
AppleCare service, and our corporate Hardware Reuse Program. In 
2024, we sent 15.9 million devices and accessories to new owners 
for reuse. The Apple Trade In program, available in 28 countries, 
provides customers with product end-of-life options: They can 
access the value of their current device if they upgrade to a newer 
model, or they can recycle their device for free.
Some device parts can also be reused. We continue to expand the 
number of parts that can be recovered or refurbished to meet our 
high quality and performance standards so they can be reused 
as replacements. This enables us to reduce the need to create 
spare parts as we repair devices. We also remain focused on 
opportunities to reuse accessories sent for recycling. For example, 
we send collected power cables and adapters that still function 
to our final assembly sites, where they power products used on 
production lines.
Refurbishment and reuse
We sent 15.9 million devices  
and accessories to new owners 
for reuse in 2024.
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Material recovery
Our purpose
We foster circular supply 
chains by recovering 
materials from end-of-
life products and in-
process scrap to serve 
the next generation of 
products. This helps 
reduce the need to mine 
new materials and saves 
the energy expended 
in material extraction 
and refining, driving 
down emissions and 
conserving resources.
Our path
We aim to design our 
products for optimal 
material recovery, 
innovate recycling 
technology, and work 
with others to help build 
circular supply chains. 
Our progress
Launched a first-of-its-
kind recycling system to 
purify fine metal waste 
to a quality suitable for 
remelting back into new 
iPhone devices
Our progress
Collaborated with 
our product design 
team to optimize the 
location of the battery 
in Mac mini, reducing 
the battery removal time 
during recycling
Designing for 
recoverability
Optimizing 
collection and reuse
Developing 
processes
Our progress
Deployed Taz, 
a recycling machine, 
to one of our recycling 
partners to recover rare 
earth elements from 
our products
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Optimizing recycling through innovative 
collection and reuse
Our recycling strategy plays a key role in building circular supply 
chains. We provide or participate in product take-back and recycling 
collection programs in 99 percent of the countries where we sell 
products. Customers can trade in devices for reuse or recycling 
at retail locations, through recycling programs offered by local 
operators around the world, and through online programs like 
Apple Trade In. In 2024, we directed nearly 40,000 metric tons 
of electronic scrap globally to recycling facilities with the help of 
customer and employee programs. To learn more about our Trade In 
program, visit the Apple Trade In web page.
In 2024, our IT Asset Disposition (ITAD) program continued to 
grow as a best-in-class approach to handling end-of-life materials 
at Apple data centers, including servers, hard drives, network 
equipment, and more. We scaled up the ITAD program, treating 
data center material recovery similarly to product material recovery, 
emphasizing reuse and the recovery of priority materials. We’re also 
pursuing recovery innovations for data center components, including 
technology to dismantle hard drives and extract rare earth elements.
We also work with best-in-class recyclers to maximize the potential 
of the recycling materials stream and drive our efforts to close 
the loop on key materials. We define these recyclers as those 
capable of recovering materials at high rates and doing so with 
better environmental and safety performance. We verify recyclers’ 
compliance with our Supplier Code of Conduct and Supplier 
Responsibility Standards through third-party assessments. In 
addition, we encourage our recyclers to maintain regional leading 
certifications, such as WEEELABEX, e-Stewards®, or R2. We assess 
our recyclers regularly for compliance with standards, regulations, 
and best practices in the areas of labor and human rights; security; 
and environment, health, and safety (EHS).
Engaging with recovery partners
In 2024, we conducted 112 recycler assessments. We’ve 
increasingly sought out specialty providers capable of handling 
specific material streams to enhance both the yield and the quality 
of materials. This global footprint of recyclers also helps us build 
a more resilient recycling supply chain and innovate with more 
suppliers around the world.
Education and training can help us improve recovery rates for our 
products. We’ve significantly invested in this because it equips 
recyclers with the information needed to enhance efficiency, quality, 
and capacity. We work with recyclers to develop new recycling 
solutions, sharing them through training and ongoing support. We 
help these partners develop the ability to disassemble our products 
and recover as much material as possible while minimizing waste.
We continue to expand our Apple Recycler Guides to provide up-
to-date recycling guidance across our products. Our engineering 
teams develop these guides to help professional recyclers 
optimize recovery and complete the processes using the tools and 
procedures available to them. The guides provide valuable insights 
into the recycling process, including details about the materials used 
to disassemble parts. We’re increasing the market availability of 
high-quality recycled content by improving material recovery rates.
We also continue to work with our partners, including Atea — 
a leading provider of IT infrastructure solutions in the Nordic and 
Baltic regions — to collect end-of-life iPhone devices for recycling 
with our Daisy robot in the Netherlands. We encourage our 
customers around the world to return end-of-life devices to Apple so 
materials can be reintroduced into the circular economy. 
Designing for the next generation 
of recovery
We’re committed to a long-term approach to recycling innovation, 
continually improving current methods while nurturing new and 
emerging technologies. We also continue to support initiatives that 
redefine disassembly and material recovery.
These efforts include recovering valuable resources from 
manufacturing loss and at the end of a product’s life to support 
circular supply chains. Understanding material recoverability 
is crucial for informing the design process. We worked with 
researchers to develop a recoverability metric for electronic devices 
that incorporates detailed insight into the best available recycling 
technologies, including a supporting database of material recovery 
rates, recovered material quality, and calculation methodology. This 
research has the potential to impact product design by improving 
material recoverability at end of life. To learn more, read the case 
study from one of our partners in the journal Sustainability.
In 2024, we established the goal of improving recoverability at the 
outset of the Mac mini product design process. We focused on 
battery removal because it’s often the first step in the recycling 
process. By engaging with the product design team early, we 
restructured the placement of components within Mac mini so that 
the battery could be identified and removed easily and safely. While 
this improved the recoverability of Mac mini, it also demonstrated 
that product innovation can incorporate end-of-life recovery for 
future designs.
To learn more about our recycling 
programs, visit the Apple Reuse and 
Recycling Program web page.
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augmented reality projection systems to guide at-scale processing 
in our Austin and Santa Clara Valley facilities. Autonomous mobile 
robots (AMRs) connect the various stations and steps at both sites, 
supporting efficiency through seamless material handling.
Our ARC operations help us identify the problems we need to solve, 
train our team, and enable the development of robust solutions. 
These technologies improve material handling and sorting efficiency, 
directly enhancing the material capacity of our operations. This 
initiative aims to create low-cost solutions that our suppliers can 
deploy to recover more materials, allowing employees to focus on 
more complex tasks that can’t be easily automated. Each facility 
contributes to our ability to design more recyclable products, learn 
how to deploy the material recovery technologies we’ve developed, 
and create economical recycling approaches.
A new system we launched in 2024 captures fine metal waste 
generated during the manufacturing of aluminum iPhone enclosures 
for recovery. This system washes and separates aluminum “chips” 
from other materials the scraps come into contact with during the 
manufacturing process. Once the pure aluminum is separated, it 
can be remelted for use in manufacturing new devices. Through this 
approach, we’re able to recover material that might otherwise be lost 
and reuse it in our products, supporting our efforts to increase the 
amount of recycled content in iPhone each year.
Automated approaches
Our Advanced Recovery 
Centers employ AMRs to 
help transport products and 
components throughout 
the facility, increasing 
operational efficiency.
Impacting industry-wide recovery
We’re investing in recycling innovations that can have industry-wide 
impacts. For several years, we’ve worked with Carnegie Mellon 
University’s (CMU) Biorobotics Lab in the School of Computer 
Science’s Robotics Institute to identify and disassemble e-scrap. 
These projects have the potential to enable recyclers to recover the 
materials at a higher quality. The software we develop will be open 
source and available to others in the industry working to maximize 
the recovery of recyclable materials. In 2025, CMU extended our 
work to build solutions for flat-panel display recycling. Through our 
research and development, we’re driving toward truly intelligent 
disassembly technology. Learn more about Apple’s research with 
Carnegie Mellon University in our white paper.
Material tracing also provides significant potential to improve 
recovery. We’ve begun exploring this approach by conducting 
detailed analysis at each step in the recycling process to examine 
materials and recovery rates. By doing so, we’ve discovered 
opportunities to direct post-industrial materials, which don’t 
need the dismantling step of an e-recycler directly to refiners and 
smelters. Routing these material streams to the best available 
technology improves the overall yield of recycled content while 
providing greater insight into achieving the best recycling outcome 
for each material. 
Committing to excellence in 
disassembly and recovery
Innovation plays a key role in realizing the potential of recycling 
Apple products. We continuously develop better, more efficient 
means of disassembling products to maximize material recovery 
while minimizing waste. Our investment in automation and the 
development of new recycling techniques has expanded at our 
Material Recovery Lab (MRL) in Austin, Texas, and our Santa Clara 
Valley, California facility. Each facility is R2 certified — the same 
qualification we require our recyclers to meet.
At the MRL in Austin — which has led the way in automated 
approaches to material recovery with our robots Daisy, Dave, and 
T az — we opened a new 17,000-square-foot Advanced Recovery 
Center (ARC) to investigate and operationalize recycling techniques 
toward scalability. In Santa Clara Valley, we also operate an 
Advanced Recovery Center, where we’ve significantly expanded our 
technical capabilities and developed best-in-class recycling tools, 
automation, and processes. The techniques our recycling robot 
Daisy uses have extended to other products in the area of battery 
removal. Using the same commercially available air chillers from 
Daisy, we’re experimenting with stations that quickly chill multiple 
laptop batteries, allowing easier removal. To support additional 
dismantling and battery removal, we’ve added multiple stations with 
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FEATURE
Advanced material 
recovery technologies
Autonomous mobile robots (AMR)
U.S.
Our Advanced Recovery Centers now employ AMRs to help 
transport products and components around the facility 
and increase operational efficiency. In 2024, our AMRs 
supported our material recovery processes by making over 
80,000 deliveries.
We continue to develop better, more 
efficient means of disassembling products 
that maximize material recovery while 
minimizing waste.
To advance the field of electronics recycling, we’ve engineered 
new technologies — including the disassembly robot Daisy and 
recycling machines Dave and T az. We’re committed to sharing 
the technology with recycling partners around the world as a 
low-cost, time-saving solution.
Taz
China
Our shredder system helps recycle modules by separating 
magnets containing rare earth elements from audio modules. 
While rare earth elements are typically lost in conventional 
shredders, T az is designed to access these valuable 
materials, improving our overall recovery rate. As of 2024, 
T az operates at our recycling partner’s facility in China.
Dave
China
Our robot specializes in disassembling the T aptic Engine, 
enabling the recovery of rare earth magnet, tungsten, and 
steel. Since 2023, Dave has been operating at our recycling 
partner’s facility in China.
Daisy
U.S. and the Netherlands
In 2024, we expanded the capabilities of Daisy, which can 
now disassemble 36 iPhone models — including various 
models between iPhone 5 and iPhone 14 Pro Max — into 
discrete components, helping us recover more materials 
for recycling.
Augmented reality (AR) systems
U.S.
Overhead projector-based AR systems are deployed in our 
Advanced Recovery Centers and provided to recycling partners 
to guide the disassembly of devices, including MacBook and 
iPad, by projecting video imagery directly onto a work surface.
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Water
Our purpose
We aim to advance water 
security and protect 
communities where 
we and our suppliers 
operate through actions 
that improve freshwater 
availability, quality, 
and equity.
Our path
We focus our work on five 
strategic pillars:
Our progress
We’ve collaborated with 
partners on freshwater 
replenishment projects 
expected to address over 
40 percent of the water 
we plan to replenish
Our progress
As of 2024, we’ve 
certified seven of eight 
Apple-owned data 
centers to the Alliance 
for Water Stewardship 
(AWS) Standard
Our progress
Through our Supplier 
Clean Water Program, 
we’ve supported 
an average reuse of 
42 percent at more 
than 250 participating 
supplier facilities
Low-water 
design
Site efficiency and 
conservation
Site water 
stewardship
Replenishment 
and nature-based 
solutions
Leadership and 
advocacy
42%
50% 
2030 Target
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We focus our work on five 
strategic pillars: 
Low-water design
Minimizing water impacts in the design of products, 
Apple-managed services, and sites58 
Site efficiency and conservation
Improving the performance of existing sites 
and processes
Site water stewardship
Demonstrating responsibility beyond our facilities 
through watershed-level management
Leadership and advocacy
Advancing water management through policy, 
advocacy, and technology innovation
Replenishment and nature-based solutions
Improving water availability, quality, and access 
through regenerative approaches
Our water strategy
Water is a local resource. For this reason, we have a context-based 
strategy that takes into account local conditions where we and 
our suppliers operate. We collect and analyze data and site-level 
feedback to understand our water impacts. We also gain insights 
into local watershed health — such as baseline water stress — 
using tools like the World Resources Institute (WRI) Aqueduct Water 
Risk Atlas.
Goal
Replenish all our corporate freshwater withdrawals in  
high-stress locations by 2030.
Progress
Goal
Certify all Apple-owned data centers to the Alliance for 
Water Stewardship (AWS) Standard by 2025.
Progress
Goal
Increase supplier participation in the Supplier Clean Water 
Program, prioritizing locations with high water stress and 
supporting participants in achieving a 50 percent average 
water reuse rate by 2030.56
Progress
We’ve identified that 70 percent of our corporate water use occurs in 
areas with high basin stress.57 And we’ve found that the majority of 
our water-related impact is in the manufacturing supply chain.
We know that we can’t address water stewardship challenges alone. 
We believe we must go beyond our operations to collaborate with 
communities and work in basins on stewardship, replenishment, and 
WASH (water access, sanitation, and hygiene) projects throughout 
our value chain.
100% 
2030 Target
40% 
2024
0%
50% 
2030 Target
42% 
2024
0%
8 
2025 Target
7 
2024
0
Low-water design
We approach low-water design by focusing first on site selection 
whenever possible and conducting a water risk evaluation to 
determine whether a potential site is in a water-stressed area. The 
results inform our decision-making and help mitigate the impact of 
our expected water use. We then design solutions to manage the 
quality of the wastewater that we return to the watershed.
Our low-water design efforts avoided 161 million gallons of 
freshwater use in 2024 in our corporate offices and data centers.59 
At our campus in Austin, Texas, we aim to achieve net-zero water 
use by relying on an onsite wastewater reuse system, as well as 
condensate recovery and stormwater capture, limiting potable water 
use to potable purposes only. This effort will save up to 60 million 
gallons of freshwater use annually.60 Using wastewater for cooling 
will also allow us to achieve 28 million kilowatt-hours in energy 
savings annually at the location.
Our three most recent data centers have prioritized water efficiency 
by using high-efficiency air-cooled chillers instead of water-cooled 
systems, resulting in zero water use for cooling. At our newest data 
center in Waukee, Iowa, we’re also pursuing a 221-acre wetland 
restoration project on the property. The initiative will restore the 
land to native prairie potholes and wetlands, providing stormwater 
capture, groundwater recharge, and water quality benefits, as well 
as creating a habitat for native species.
In our supply chain, the majority of water is used in manufacturing. 
We look for opportunities to innovate around water- and chemistry-
intensive processes when possible. An example of this is a green 
anodizing project we initiated, which involved subject matter experts 
across internal design, product development, manufacturing, and 
quality teams, as well as an outside vendor piloting acid recovery 
equipment. The project integrated an acid recovery technology that 
separated and recycled two process chemistries — sulfuric and 
phosphoric acids — along with modular reverse osmosis systems 
that filtered water in the anodizing baths. The team worked to 
confirm that the approach functioned within both the tight process 
tolerances and the delicate chemistry required to maintain product 
quality. From 2020 to 2022, the collaboration facilitated this 
technology transfer — from early offline experiments and a proof of 
concept pilot to full production of a MacBook product.
The impact was profound, resulting in a 75 percent reduction in 
water usage and approximately 90 percent reduction in chemical 
use, which also helped achieve carbon savings. 
To learn more, read our white paper, Apple’s Water Strategy.
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87+11+2+m
Site efficiency and conservation
Next, we identify steps to use less freshwater in our existing 
operations and those of our suppliers, prioritizing regions where our 
efforts can immediately reduce stress on local watersheds.
At our data centers, server upgrades in 2024 saved 11 million 
gallons of water. We’ve also piloted a resin water treatment system 
that reduced makeup water use by 30 percent and discharge by 
up to 60 percent.62 Based on this success, we’re implementing 
this technology at our data centers in Prineville, Oregon, and 
Mesa, Arizona. 
We also continued to use plant-based water treatment at several 
data centers, helping eliminate the need for biocides and corrosion 
inhibitors. This system, which uses compostable, natural sphagnum 
moss to improve water quality, can further support water savings. 
We implemented this at our Reno, Nevada, and Maiden, North 
Carolina, data centers and have begun a permanent installation in 
Mesa, Arizona.
Our supply chain accounts for 99 percent of our total water 
footprint, based on our detailed water inventory. We require our 
suppliers to maintain the high standards for water discharge outlined 
in the Apple Supplier Code of Conduct. Through our Supplier Clean 
Water Program, we help suppliers minimize process water impacts 
and adopt best practices in water management and wastewater 
treatment. The program supports our suppliers in going above and 
beyond requirements to become stewards of the water resources 
where they operate by conserving water, promoting water reuse, 
and preventing water pollution within our supply chain. Since the 
program’s launch in 2013, the average reuse rate of more than 250 
participating suppliers has increased to 42 percent, saving 14 billion 
gallons of freshwater in 2024 and over 90 billion gallons of water.63 
These savings come from a range of initiatives, such as the reuse 
of reclaimed water, upgrades to water-efficient equipment, and 
countercurrent rinse methods.
In 2024, our facilities used about 1.8 billion gallons of water in our 
direct operations — a 9 percent increase from 2023. This was 
driven by growth in our corporate campus portfolio, as well as hot 
weather increasing irrigation and cooling needs. But through our 
site efficiency and conservation efforts, we saved 96 million gallons 
of freshwater.61 Last year, alternative water sources — primarily 
municipal recycled water — accounted for about 13 percent of our 
total corporate water usage. Additional efficiency and conservation 
accomplishments include: 
• In early 2025, we completed cooling system controls optimization 
at our Maiden, North Carolina, data center, which is expected to 
save 7 million gallons of water per year. A second phase of this 
project is in progress. 
• At our Parmer Lane campus in Austin, we performed 
retrocommissioning work that reduced the load on the cooling 
plant, saving over 3 million gallons of water per year.
Water use at corporate facilities
1756 
Mgal
2%
Other alternative sources
We use nontraditional water 
supplies, such as rainwater and 
air handler condensate, for onsite 
nonpotable use. 
11%
Recycled water 
We source recycled water as a key 
alternative to freshwater and use 
it primarily for irrigation, cooling 
systems, and toilet flushing. Most 
of our recycled water comes from 
municipal treatment plants, with 
less than 5 percent coming from 
onsite treatment.
87%
Freshwater 
We define freshwater as 
drinking-water quality. The 
majority of our freshwater comes 
from municipal sources, with 
less than 5 percent sourced 
from groundwater. 
Goal
Increase supplier participation in the Supplier Clean Water 
Program, prioritizing locations with high water stress and 
supporting participants in achieving a 50 percent average 
water reuse rate by 2030.
Progress
50% 
2030 Target
42% 
2024
0%
Through AWS, we’ve certified seven of the eight data centers that 
we own and operate in Prineville, Oregon; Reno, Nevada; Maiden, 
North Carolina; Mesa, Arizona; Viborg, Denmark; and Ulanqab and 
Gui’an in China. We’re on track to certify our eighth data center 
in 2025.64
Since 2018, 29 of our supplier sites have been certified to the 
AWS Standard, 24 of which have achieved a Platinum rating — 
the highest score within the AWS framework. Our work with AWS 
has allowed us to engage with suppliers at the regional level, 
focusing on the stewardship of basins with a concentration of 
manufacturing partners. In the T aihu Basin, proximate to Shanghai, 
we’ve supported our efforts in the Supplier Clean Water Program 
and AWS certification by working with Water Champions. This 
program facilitates supplier field trips to water-sensitive areas 
within the basin. On these trips, participants experience first-hand 
lessons in water and wetland replenishment, as well as nature-
based solutions for clean water flowing through the basin. These 
experiences reinforce the importance of efforts at the supplier 
sites by connecting individuals with the natural environment. 
In India, we also work with AWS and Frank Water to identify 
stewardship opportunities with our suppliers in the Bengaluru 
and Chennai basins, assessing the local water infrastructure and 
community needs.
Site-level water stewardship
We engage with the communities around our facilities for the 
protection of local watersheds. Since 2018, we’ve partnered with the 
Alliance for Water Stewardship (AWS) to advance the AWS Standard, 
the first global framework to measure responsible water stewardship 
across social, cultural, environmental, and economic criteria. In 
2020, we joined the AWS board of trustees to highlight water 
stewardship opportunities to our suppliers and promote collective 
action on shared water challenges impacting the sector.
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Replenishment and 
nature-based solutions
Replenishment and nature-based solutions are essential tools 
for addressing water availability, quality, and equity. Our goal is to 
replenish 100 percent of our corporate freshwater withdrawals in 
high-stress locations by 2030.65 By the end of fiscal year 2024, 
we had contracts in place to address over 40 percent of what we 
expect to replenish.
using drip-irrigated, harvested tomato fields for late-season bird 
habitat, which would provide the conservancy with access to 
an additional 200,000 acres of land to support threatened and 
endangered shorebirds that travel the Pacific Flyway through 
the Central Valley. 
Invasive Species Removal in Southern California
We expanded our efforts with the Council for Watershed 
Health to remove the invasive Arundo donax cane species 
in Southern California, home to our Culver City campus. 
Our support provided an estimated 13 million gallons of 
water benefits in 2024 and is expected to result in a total 
of 350 million gallons over the lifetime of the agreements.
Drinking Water Supply in India
We provided 40 million gallons of drinking water in 
partnership with the Uptime Catalyst Facility in India 
over the past two years. This work helped us meet our 
100 percent water replenishment target for our corporate 
operations in India in 2023.
Forest Restoration in Arizona
We monitored ongoing restoration work under our 20-year 
agreement with the Salt River Project, where the Arizona 
Department of Forestry and Fire Management has more 
than 12,000 acres of the total 30,000 acres contracted or 
undergoing restoration. In 2024, the project provided water 
benefits of 4 million gallons and is on track to meet the 
expected total of 1.8 billion gallons of water benefits over 
the next 20 years.
Floodplain Restoration in Northern California
We continued our engagement with River Partners — 
a leader in large-scale, multi-benefit river restoration across 
California — as they prepare the conceptual restoration 
design for the nearly 1600-acre Dos Rios Norte property 
at the confluence of the Sacramento and Feather Rivers. 
In 2024, River Partners initiated a partnership with a local 
Native American Tribe that identified Dos Rios Norte as a 
site of ancestral significance. River Partners is collecting 
native seeds and propagating plants with traditional uses. 
Water benefits totaling 4.9 billion gallons are expected to 
begin in 2028.
Water Quality Protection and WASH in Northern Nevada
In the Truckee River Basin, home to our Reno Data Center, we 
partner with the local water utility, Truckee Meadows Water 
Authority. The project addresses water quality in the river and 
provides sanitation and water for drinking and hygiene to the 
downtown river corridor. The installation of a new Portland 
Loo in Reno City Plaza, along with continued operation and 
maintenance of freestanding public restrooms along the river 
in area parks, will prevent bacterial and nutrient pollution while 
providing access to dignified toilet facilities for the estimated 
2000 people experiencing homelessness in Reno. 
2024 projects Ongoing projects
Progress: Apple’s support provided estimated water 
benefits of 70 million gallons in 2024 and is expected to 
result in a total of 468 million gallons through 2030.
Environmental Flows Restoration in Arizona
Our second project in the Colorado River Basin, home to our 
Mesa Data Center, supports ongoing efforts by The Nature 
Conservancy and its local irrigation partners to restore 
streamflow to the Verde River. The Verde Ditch canal piping 
project is expected to result in total of 3 billion gallons of water 
benefits, starting in 2025.
Groundwater Recharge and Bird Habitat in 
Northern California
In the Central Valley, we engaged with The Nature Conservancy 
on a second project, facilitating late irrigation season watering 
to recharge groundwater and support local bird habitat. Our 
collaboration with a Yolo County landowner and the Dunnigan 
Water District provided the majority of the water benefits in 
2024. In Colusa County, the conservancy engaged with a 
commercial tomato grower to undertake field trials that added 
water to three different post-harvest tomato treatment methods. 
The conservancy and the growers aim to determine which 
method optimizes bird habitat and soil quality while accounting 
for water use, treatment costs, and impacts on the following 
year’s crop. The trial is aimed at determining the viability of 
Progress: Apple’s support provided an estimated 
58 million gallons of water benefits in 2024.
Wetland Restoration in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed
We partner with Ducks Unlimited to improve water quality in 
the Chesapeake Bay Watershed by reducing excess nutrient 
loading. Beginning in 2025, Apple will fund the restoration of 
degraded agricultural land to wetlands to improve water quality 
and support wildlife in the Chesapeake. 
Progress: Our first project with Ducks Unlimited will 
reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment entering 
the Chesapeake Bay, resulting in total water benefits of 
266 million gallons.
Village Water Supply in Tanzania
To support our replenishment needs in Africa, we’ve partnered 
with Water for Good to provide a safe, affordable, and lasting 
water supply to Bugogo, a village located in the Shinyanga 
Region of T anzania. Water for Good is systematically addressing 
the region’s water supply, sanitation, and hygiene needs in 
partnership with the T anzanian government’s Rural Water 
Supply and Sanitation Agency. In 2024, our funds supported the 
construction and maintenance of a water system that includes 
a solar-powered pump, which raises well water to a tank above 
the village before distributing it to 12 subvillage tapstands and 
taps at the village primary school and dispensary.
Progress: Water benefits are anticipated to grow over time, 
resulting in 21 to 42 million gallons in total water benefits.
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Advocacy efforts and local partnerships
Addressing global water challenges requires collective action, and 
we aim to share our knowledge and work with others to accelerate 
progress. We collaborate with groups, including AWS and the 
Responsible Business Alliance (RBA), and we speak at conferences 
and engage with audiences driving impact within their communities 
and industries.
Engagements
Volumetric Water Benefit Accounting methodology
Engaged in developing the next phase of this methodology 
with the World Resources Institute (WRI) to advance 
technical best practices in the sector.
University of Oxford and Uptime
Contributed to the briefing paper “Reducing Uncertainty 
in Corporate Water Impact: The Role of Results-Based 
Contracting for Drinking Water Supply,” which explains the 
efficiency and effectiveness of these contracts in delivering 
corporate funding to augment drinking water supply in 
developing regions.66
Alliance for Water Stewardship
Supported the report Water Stewardship in Data Centres, 
which showcases how we addressed our water challenges 
through our water strategy in discussions on water-related 
challenges at the data centers of technology companies.67
Pacific Institute
Contributed to the white paper Evaluating the Cost-
Effectiveness of Corporate Water Stewardship Projects, 
which addresses the challenge companies face in 
assessing the best projects aligned with their water 
stewardship goals.68
Projects
AWS Global Water Stewardship Forum
Participated in sharing our expanded strategic initiatives 
in our corporate sites and indirect supplier efforts.
Catawba-Wateree Water Management Group
Joined the Advisory Board to partner locally on sustainable 
water management in high-water withdrawal basins where 
we operate. This organization oversees water management 
in the Catawba-Wateree Basin, home to our Maiden, North 
Carolina data center.
Water Champion Field Trip
Hosted various brand leaders, suppliers, and local partners 
to tour nature-based solutions and wetlands restoration 
projects aimed at reducing water pollution to raise 
awareness of water issues and water stewardship.
Grants
Frank Water
Continued our partnership with the UK-based organization, 
which works alongside local partners in India to support 
access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene. In 2024, 
the grant continued to support the expansion of the 
organization’s programming from focusing on Bengaluru to 
include Chennai. This involved implementing the Decision 
Support System, through Water Dialogues in partnership 
with Indian industry, and water stewardship practices 
designed with our support, in a new critical region of India.
Gravity Water
Provided over 38,000 students in Vietnam’s Hòa Bình 
province with a clean water source using innovative, 
climate-resilient rainwater harvesting and filtration 
technology. Gravity Water partners with schools to identify 
their unique challenges and create solutions tailored to 
their specific needs. This approach allows schools to have 
complete ownership of their clean water source, using 
familiarity with their existing water storage system and the 
automation provided by Gravity Water’s intervention.
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Zero waste
Our purpose
We’re working to 
eliminate waste sent 
to landfill — and the 
environmental costs 
that come with it. Our 
values drive us to protect 
the most vulnerable 
communities who 
disproportionately bear 
the costs associated with 
waste disposal.
Our path
Our approach focuses on 
eliminating waste through 
the following:
Our progress
Achieved TRUE 
certification for zero 
waste at five data centers 
and two corporate 
facilities as of 2024
Our progress
Diverted an estimated 
3.6 million metric tons 
of supplier facility waste 
from landfills through our 
Zero Waste Program
Our progress
Recognized more than 
230 supplier facilities in 
10 countries and regions 
as Zero Waste to Landfill 
by UL Solutions
Measuring our 
progress
Prioritizing 
waste-free 
operations 
Driving waste 
diversion and 
elimination
Partnering 
for waste 
reduction 
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Reducing waste at our 
corporate facilities
We’re reducing the amount of waste generated in our corporate 
operations and directing more to recycling programs. In 2024, 
recycling and composting efforts allowed us to achieve a waste 
diversion rate of 70 percent. We also limited landfill waste from 
our global operations to about 18,700 metric tons.69 
We’ve continued our efforts to make progress on waste diversion 
since achieving our first zero-waste certification, UL Solutions’ 
Zero Waste to Landfill Validation, in 2015 for our campus in Cork, 
Ireland. In 2023, our T aiwan Technology Center became the second 
Apple facility to receive the UL Solutions Zero Waste to Landfill 
Validation.70 In 2024, our corporate offices in Sacramento and 
Los Angeles, California, and our data centers in Reno, Nevada and 
Maiden, North Carolina received TRUE certification in 2023, joining 
our data centers in Mesa, Arizona, Viborg, Denmark, and Prineville, 
Oregon.71 These facilities achieved TRUE Platinum, the highest 
certification level. TRUE recognizes facilities that divert more than 
90 percent of waste through recycling, compost, reuse, and other 
design strategies.
Promoting material reuse, composting, and waste diversion 
across our corporate and retail locations
We prioritize finding opportunities to recycle construction and 
demolition waste across all our global construction projects:
• In 2024, our recycling and source separation from corporate 
office and data center construction and demolition efforts 
resulted in an overall waste diversion rate of 81 percent — 
more than 22,500 metric tons.
• We’ve continued to divert materials through our specialty 
recycling initiatives that return them to their original suppliers, 
who manufacture new materials. In 2024, this program diverted 
over 840 metric tons of materials, including office furniture, 
electronics, doors, trees, HVAC equipment, and even terrazzo 
benches. These items were deconstructed and salvaged from 
existing buildings before starting demolition. The program also 
diverted more than 60 metric tons of ceiling tile and 105 metric 
tons of carpeting from the landfill.
Apple Los Angeles: In 2024, we set out to push the possibilities 
of solid waste management at Apple Los Angeles. Our objectives 
involved developing data-driven approaches, including conducting 
daily waste characterizations and targeting materials for source 
reduction and diversion programs. This effort entailed bringing 
materials from the 13 Apple sites within our Los Angeles campus to 
a centralized location and sorting by hand. Through this process, 
we developed a clearer understanding of the materials coming 
through our sites and were able to significantly enhance recycling 
and composting. We achieved our initial target of TRUE certification, 
which verifies our Zero Waste Program, reinforcing the importance 
of data accuracy in targeting waste reduction.
Expanding reusables: We’re focused on reducing single-use items 
as part of our zero-waste goals. In 2024, we expanded a program 
to implement reusables, including dishware and utensils, at our 
Caffè Macs and break rooms across our campuses in California. 
By introducing reusables onsite, we’re better able to reduce the 
amount of waste that leaves our campuses and could otherwise 
be diverted to landfills. At the Worldwide Developers Conference 
(WWDC) in 2024, our expanded use of reusables drove significant 
waste reductions and increased the event’s total diversion from 
landfills. Following the success in California, we aim to apply this 
approach to our Apple campuses worldwide.
Driving solutions internally through communication, reporting, 
and education
Our employees play a critical role in reporting on waste and 
facilitating waste audits at our locations. We support these efforts 
with training, education, and access to resources. In 2024, we 
launched a global campaign to encourage better sorting of 
materials by standardizing bin colors, clearly defining acceptable 
items, and improving signage. On Earth Day, 180 volunteers across 
eight campuses worldwide participated in peer-to-peer education 
programs on proper sorting techniques, reinforcing the importance 
of individual action and connecting employees to Apple’s journey to 
zero waste. 
We standardized waste reporting requirements and implemented 
a centralized dashboard system across all our data centers and 
corporate offices. Our retail auditing program examines locations 
in North America, documenting the material characteristics of our 
waste. This data allows for better assessment of our waste practices 
and opportunities to improve our approaches. We also provide site-
specific zero-waste training for all Apple data centers. All new data 
center employees are required to complete this site-specific zero-
waste training and receive manager approval of completion.
Goal
Eliminate waste sent to landfill from our corporate facilities 
and our suppliers
Progress
Corporate facilities waste diversion rate
100% 
target
70% 
2024
0%
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Taking a zero-waste approach with 
our suppliers
Apple employees, suppliers, recyclers, and waste solution providers 
are central to achieving our zero-waste goal. We launched the 
Zero Waste Program for our manufacturing partners in 2015 and 
have made significant, continuous progress. And we’ve expanded 
this program to include more than 480 supplier facilities across 
15 countries and regions. 
We require our suppliers to participate in our Zero Waste Program 
as part of our Supplier Code of Conduct. They must implement a 
systematic approach that includes identifying all waste sources and 
characterizing each stream in the waste inventory, developing a 
program or solution to quantify and monitor their waste-to-landfill 
diversion rate, setting waste minimization goals, and maintaining 
progress toward achieving zero waste to landfill. Our Zero Waste 
Program provides training and tools to help suppliers track their 
waste, set waste minimization goals, and create improvement plans 
for achieving zero waste in their operations. 
In 2023, the Supplier Zero Waste Implementation Plan became an 
assessment requirement following a year of training and piloting. 
All our key manufacturing suppliers must implement the Zero 
Waste Program, including evaluating their performance against the 
program criteria. 
As part of the Supplier Code of Conduct requirement, we also 
require more than 1000 supplier production facilities to annually 
report waste inventory to Apple. Facilities have received training and 
templates to record and correctly classify waste data and document 
the visible diversion rate. To verify suppliers’ waste data quality, we 
partner with third-party auditors to conduct sample evaluations, 
focusing on waste classifications, waste data recordkeeping and 
reporting, and reasonable waste treatment methods.
We provide all facilities participating in the program with resources 
and guidance on reducing waste and reusing materials, recycling, 
or composting waste. Suppliers at these locations can also access 
tools to improve waste management and, in some cases, onsite 
support. The program continues to make an impact: In 2024, 
suppliers redirected approximately 600,000 metric tons of waste 
from landfills, bringing the total to 3.6 million metric tons since 
the program’s inception — equivalent to eliminating 4.5 million 
square meters of landfill space. Throughout 2024, 100 percent of 
established final assembly sites maintained zero-waste-to-landfill 
operations.72 
We’re prioritizing the next challenge in achieving zero waste, 
which is a level deeper — the subassembly module suppliers 
who assemble the individual components of Apple products. 
The waste stream at this level is often more complex than at final 
assembly sites, but we’re making progress. As of 2024, more than 
400 module suppliers have participated in the Zero Waste Program 
since its inception — including those who provide core technology 
components, displays, PCBs and flex, packaging, and enclosures. 
These suppliers have diverted approximately 350,000 metric tons 
of waste from landfills.
Pushing toward zero-waste innovation
We use novel recycling approaches to divert greater quantities of 
waste from landfill in our supplier facilities at higher rates. We also 
pursue material solutions to impact the waste streams entering 
these facilities to simplify and maximize the recyclable content that 
our suppliers work with.
Plastic is a significant source of waste in our supply chain, and we’ve 
concentrated our initiatives on minimizing the production of plastics 
in manufacturing. Since 2018, we’ve been dedicated to developing 
waste-reducing components. Among these are recyclable 
protective films (RPFs) — designed to protect products during the 
manufacturing phase — and reusable trays, which allow for secure 
transportation of modules across various assembly locations. Since 
2018 through the end of 2024, we’ve diverted about 22,000 metric 
tons of plastic films and achieved the reuse of approximately 
33,000 metric tons of plastic trays externally across different sites 
in our supply chain. We’ve also reached more than 35 percent in-
process RPF reduction for iPhone.
We also work to reduce complex waste streams, including chemical 
waste generated during manufacturing. In 2024, we continued 
our efforts in coolant recycling and reuse throughout our supply 
chain. Coolant is a chemical material essential to cooling the 
surface of machinery involved in manufacturing components like 
enclosures. To avoid sending this material to landfills or incinerators, 
we promoted reuse through a coolant-containing waste recycling 
practice and expanded it to more applicable facilities. We achieved 
positive results in 2024, reducing coolant-containing waste by more 
than 36,000 metric tons through fine filtration and sterilization.
We focus on recovering valuable metals from waste liquids 
generated during printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing, 
including copper (Cu), gold (Au), and palladium (Pd). These metals 
are efficiently separated and processed into high-quality raw 
materials using advanced extraction and purification technologies. 
The recovered metals are then reintegrated into the production 
cycle. In 2024, approximately 1800 metric tons of metals and metal 
compounds were recovered through this process.
Engaging with suppliers to reduce waste
We work closely with our suppliers to realize our zero-waste goals. 
This work faces a range of challenges, including a lack of access 
to recycling technologies, the absence of local infrastructure, and 
the lower value of recyclable material that impacts the economics 
of recycling.
An example of a resource benefiting the industry is a tool developed 
by Apple and UL Solutions, our partner that validates zero-waste 
efforts. The tool provides the first-ever supply chain zero-waste 
management system assurance program, enabling third-party zero-
waste verification at a system level rather than at a site level. The 
assurance procedure has enabled the significant acceleration of the 
verification process and establishes a new model that companies 
across industries can employ to verify zero-waste programs at scale. 
This streamlined approach has brought even more suppliers into our 
program, with more than 230 facilities assured by UL Solutions in 
2024 — 45 more than the previous year.73
We also support our suppliers in verifying their zero-waste efforts. 
Since launch of our Zero Waste Program, its foundation has followed 
the UL 2799 Zero Waste to Landfill Environmental Claim Validation 
Procedure (ECVP), which requires at least 90 percent diversion 
through methods other than waste-to-energy. Through this 
standard, our supplier facilities can certify against clear benchmarks 
for waste diversion, including Platinum, Gold, and Silver levels of 
verification. We’ve spent the last eight years expanding this program 
throughout our supply chain, with suppliers in China, India, and 
Vietnam becoming UL validated. Since we switched from individual 
site verification to system-level verification, suppliers participating in 
the assurance program can easily apply their verification statements 
from UL.
Goal
Eliminate waste sent to landfill from our corporate facilities 
and our suppliers
Progress
Zero waste to landfills at final assembly sites
2024 
Maintained
2015
  Achieved
2018
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Focusing on industry impact
We’ve used the expertise of UL to evaluate and verify the zero-waste 
performance of our suppliers. We’ve worked with UL to promote the 
experience and best practices we’ve developed, implementing zero-
waste projects in our supply chain and leading the development of 
zero-waste efforts in the consumer electronics industry. In 2024, we 
invited UL’s waste experts to join us for onsite visits to representative 
suppliers to understand better the current status of waste 
management and innovative waste treatment projects in electronic 
supply chain manufacturing facilities. The experts also participated 
in discussions on revising the UL 2799 Zero Waste to Landfill 
Verification Standard. By working closely together, we’ve benefited 
from constructive insights for updates to the standard and deepened 
the integration of theory and practice in the standard.
Our zero-waste and carbon reduction initiatives have had an 
influence across the supply chain. Using our guidance, resources, 
and tools, suppliers have embarked on related efforts, with six 
receiving awards from local governments and industry associations 
for their zero-waste and carbon reduction projects.
In 2024, we supported the development of the Waste Minimization 
Toolkit with the Responsible Business Alliance (RBA) alongside other 
members of its Environmental Sustainability Working Group (ESWG). 
Through a survey, the RBA confirmed that members saw value in 
the development of standardized supply chain tools to support 
industry-wide approaches to addressing environmental issues. The 
RBA developed the toolkit in consultation with the ESWG and the 
newly formed Circularity & Waste Minimization Working Group — 
representing all segments of the electronics industry value chain. 
Launched in December 2024 in the RBA’s e-Learning Academy, the 
toolkit includes a Waste Tracking Record Tool and a video learning 
module to help suppliers manage solid waste, reduce environmental 
impacts, and move toward a circular economy. The learning module 
teaches waste minimization best practices and how to use the 
tracking tool. This collaboration aligns with our environmental 
commitment and drive to set new industry standards.
Building supplier capability
To address the challenge of waste classification for suppliers across 
countries and regions, we’ve created the Apple Recommended 
Waste Category List to provide standardized guidance on classifying 
different types of waste. This list has been widely implemented and 
used by suppliers in the Zero Waste Program. Suppliers have also 
received access to training and coaching on waste classification 
to support their efforts in separating waste while promoting waste 
reduction, reuse, and recycling. 
The data we’ve aggregated summarizes the top 10 waste streams — 
including plastics, papers, and metals — and their corresponding 
diversion solutions. This data provides a valuable perspective on the 
waste footprint across our supply chain. It also shows us where we 
can expand our efforts on material utilization to reduce the amount 
of waste sent to incineration or landfill.
Starting in 2022, we’ve organized a series of webinars with 
suppliers, policymakers, and industrial leaders to share their 
experiences in the Zero Waste Program with participating suppliers 
and those who plan to join. These sessions provide an opportunity 
to discuss the lessons learned from implementing the Zero Waste 
Program, best practices around the compliance requirements 
of waste management, and emerging recycling and waste 
reduction technologies.
We’re focused on expanding the impact of the Zero Waste 
Program in our supply chain and beyond. We’ve introduced various 
educational initiatives in India since 2023, focused on sharing the 
foundations of sustainable development, strategies for achieving 
zero-waste goals, and optimal waste management techniques. 
In 2024, 12 suppliers with more than 1250 employees completed 
our community-based online learning courses, equipping them 
with fundamental waste management skills and sustainable living 
practices, including composting at home.
We’re committed to amplifying the reach of our Zero Waste Program 
within our supply chain and beyond. Through our Supplier Employee 
Development Fund, we’ve been implementing a zero-waste 
education initiative in India. This initiative reflects our dedication 
to fostering environmental consciousness in the communities 
connected to the supply chain. It has also enabled us to create 
tailored zero-waste training programs for supplier leadership, 
employees, and local community members.
In 2024, we conducted seven hands-on workshops at various 
locations in India, engaging more than 640 participants from 
diverse backgrounds. Each session focused on themes such 
as waste segregation, composting, and sustainable living. Our 
efforts extended beyond the sessions, with discussion groups 
offering additional guidance and a forum to share progress. Many 
participants began composting at home, and some residential 
communities initiated broader waste management programs. 
This initiative demonstrates our approach to achieving impact 
through community education, combining innovative strategies 
with hands-on engagement to inspire lasting change and 
environmental stewardship.
We’ve also launched zero-waste workshops in China and Japan. 
The Apple Education Hub at Zhejiang University in China, a 
workshop attended by approximately 500 participants, shared 
cutting-edge waste recycling technologies and innovative solutions, 
including an intelligent digital waste management system developed 
by one of our key vendors, which streamlines waste management 
processes and enhances efficiency and sustainability. The workshop 
also addressed innovative approaches to distinct challenges, 
such as recycling acidic waste. In Tokyo, 67 representatives from 
24 Japanese suppliers attended a workshop focusing on the 
implementation of a zero-waste landfill project. The event brought 
together key stakeholders, including waste management experts and 
representatives from recycling companies and UL, which explained 
certification requirements. The outreach sought to connect long-
standing local waste management practices with the goal to achieve 
zero waste.
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FEATURE
Green buildings
Whether we’re constructing a data center or 
corporate office or restoring a historic site to 
house a retail store, we have an opportunity 
to advance our vision of the world we’d 
like to live in — one that’s inclusive and 
accessible, reflects the value we place on 
creativity and innovation, and furthers our 
environmental goals.
Green buildings
In January 2025, we opened 
Apple Miami Worldcenter, which 
runs on 100 percent renewable 
energy and integrates high-
efficiency heating, cooling, and 
lighting, reducing energy use by 
over 40 percent.
Our environmental approach to design and construction adheres to 
industry-recognized best practices for green buildings, emphasizing 
renewable energy, water conservation, energy efficiency, and 
responsible material management. 
Our global footprint requires adapting to different locations and 
climates while pursuing sustainability goals. In 2024, one Apple 
site in France achieved LEED Platinum, and four sites — two in 
California, one in Barcelona, and one in India — achieved LEED Gold. 
We also added a building in Bengaluru, a LEED Platinum-certified 
office and research space, to our corporate facilities in India. The 
400,000-square-foot project uses 100 percent renewable energy, 
onsite wastewater treatment, and high-level air filtration. 
Apple Observatory, our new subterranean events venue at Apple 
Park, showcases our commitment to sustainability through 
emissions reduction, energy efficiency, and support for local 
ecology. The project used low-carbon concrete, steel, and insulation.
Our environmental approach extends to retail. In January 2025, we 
opened Apple Miami Worldcenter, built using low-carbon materials 
and biophilic design. The construction achieved a 60 percent 
reduction in emissions compared with industry baselines. The 
store runs on 100 percent renewable energy and integrates high- 
efficiency heating, cooling, and lighting — reducing energy use by 
over 40 percent. 
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Smarter 
Chemistry
In this section
Approach
Mapping
Assessment
Innovation
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Approach
Smarter Chemistry
We identify and use the chemicals and 
materials that best serve our priorities of 
safety, performance, and the environment. 
This strategy is the foundation of smarter 
chemistry — and it underpins our efforts 
across our supply chain.
Our approach to smarter chemistry proactively promotes the 
use of safer materials and chemicals. We identify chemicals that 
balance our priorities — including safety and performance — 
to minimize our environmental impact. This work supports our 
efforts toward a circular supply chain by reducing the recirculation 
of potentially harmful substances. It also contributes to a healthier 
workplace for the people making our products.
We focus on limiting chemical exposure through the commonly 
used hierarchy of controls. This consists of five actions that 
organizations can take with materials: 
• Elimination
• Substitution
• Engineering controls
• Administrative controls
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Of these actions, we prioritize elimination and substitution. When no 
alternative is available to eliminate or substitute potential exposure, 
we rely on engineering and administrative controls to safeguard 
against hazard exposure.
As part of our program, we establish safety requirements that 
often exceed local industry standards and support our suppliers in 
implementing them. To drive these efforts, we’ve created standards 
and programs that include rigorous requirements — defined in our 
Regulated Substances Specification (RSS) — and deep supply 
chain engagement through our Full Material Disclosure (FMD) and 
Chemical Safety Disclosure (CSD) programs.
Maintaining comprehensive information on the chemicals and 
materials we use is essential to protecting the people who design, 
make, use, and recycle our devices. It also guides our efforts to 
protect the environment and to push for the development and broad 
adoption of safer alternatives, working alongside leading members 
of the scientific community, NGOs, and industry organizations. 
We share what we’ve learned from creating these systems with 
others in the industry — and push for change that can transform 
product manufacturing.
Advocacy and leadership are needed to make this happen, and 
we’re committed to both. We advocate for the broader use of safer 
and more sustainable materials based on smarter chemistry while 
working with our suppliers and material manufacturers to create 
alternatives that can help move our industry forward.
Mapping
Engaging our supply chain partners to comprehensively 
identify the processes and chemicals in the materials used 
to make our products — driving change beyond what’s 
required for regulatory compliance.
Assessment
Assessing the potential human health and environmental 
risks of material chemistries to evaluate compliance with 
our requirements and to inform our product design.
Innovation
Driving the development and use of innovative materials 
that enable the creation of groundbreaking products and 
support industry-wide change.
Read more on page 60.
Read more on page 63.
Read more on page 67.
Strategic pillars
See our Regulated Substances Specification. 
See our Restricted Chemicals for 
Prolonged Skin Contact Materials list.
Read our white paper about our 
commitment to phasing out per- and 
polyfluoroalkyl substances.
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Mapping
Our purpose
We work with our 
supply chain partners to 
identify the chemicals 
in the materials used to 
make our products and 
in their manufacturing 
processes. This allows 
us to drive change 
beyond what regulatory 
compliance requires.
Our path
Through collaboration, 
we’re build a 
comprehensive view 
of the chemicals in the 
materials we use and 
improving how we make 
our products.
Our progress
Shared data from more 
than 1000 manufacturing 
partner facilities on 
their chemical use, 
management, and safety
Our progress
Collected detailed 
chemical information 
about more than 
95 percent of iPad Air 
by mass
Our progress
Included 80,000 
materials in our 
comprehensive material 
library, which suppliers 
use to assess against 
our Regulated Substance 
Specification
Multi-tiered supply chain 
engagement with data 
collection and auditing
Full Material 
Disclosure (FMD)
Chemical Safety 
Disclosure (CSD)
95+5+m
95%
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Our Full Material Disclosure (FMD) program maps the materials 
in our products and their chemistries, while our Chemical Safety 
Disclosure (CSD) program tracks the materials used to manufacture 
our products. We drive our supply chain partners to collect in-depth 
information on the material chemistries they use, including their 
purpose, the amount consumed, and how the chemicals are applied, 
stored, and handled. We also work closely with our partners to 
review the steps they’re taking to protect their employees.
We also examine the effects of material chemistries across a 
product’s life cycle — from design and manufacturing to the 
customer experience and ultimately, recycling and recovery. 
This information guides our decisions related to health, safety, 
and environmental risks. The changes we’re making have an 
impact beyond our footprint and across our industry, supporting 
our efforts to build responsible circular economies at scale.
Building a comprehensive view of the 
materials in our products
Detailed and comprehensive information guides our decision-
making about material chemistries. The FMD program, which 
launched eight years ago, is our ongoing effort to catalog and 
map each chemical in the materials used in our products. Material 
manufacturers provide thorough reporting on material compositions 
from deep within our supply chain — proprietary data that’s shared 
through our secure data collection system. This system informs 
our choices about materials that have been used in the past or are 
currently in use. For iPhone, iPad, and Mac devices released in 2024, 
we collected detailed chemical information on 93 percent of each 
product, on average, by mass. We collected information on more 
than 95 percent of iPad Air products by mass.
Product design
We use our Regulated Substances 
Specification (RSS) to drive our 
internal teams and supply chain 
partners to select materials that meet 
our requirements.
Smarter chemistry matters at every 
stage in the product life cycle
Manufacturing
We require suppliers 
to manage materials 
and chemicals and 
helps them switch to 
safer alternatives.
Product use
Customers use products 
made with smarter materials.
Recycling
Recyclers can recover 
materials that are safer 
for use in new products.
Our suppliers are required to participate in the program. They 
share information on thousands of materials, collectively, used to 
manufacture our products. The advanced collection system we’ve 
implemented has made this process easier for suppliers who have 
access to a library of more than 80,000 materials as of 2024. 
Our suppliers use this library to assess materials against our RSS 
and select materials to use in our products. When a new material 
a supplier uses isn’t listed in our library, we authenticate it with 
documentation from the manufacturer.
The FMD program includes tens of thousands of parts and 
assemblies across our product lines. We prioritize high-volume 
materials and those that come under prolonged skin contact, 
which we assess for biocompatibility. The program helps address a 
challenge faced across our industry: lack of visibility into materials’ 
chemical composition. We rely on our deep knowledge of the 
materials used to reduce potential toxicological risk and pursue 
opportunities to develop better chemistries. Through the program, 
we’re able to identify ways to improve and further contribute to our 
safety and environmental goals.
The comprehensive materials library helps inform decisions 
across our product life cycles. It helps drive our suppliers to make 
better material selections that align with our RSS. It also provides 
a foundation for assessing the materials we specify, how our 
products are manufactured, and, eventually, how they’ll be recycled. 
We use innovative approaches, including machine learning, to 
digitize chemical test data so this information is easier to assess. 
We’re driving the development of industry standards that will help 
encourage the exchange of data on materials. These efforts support 
our goals of improving the safety of our products, as well as the 
broader electronics industry and beyond.
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Creating an inventory of chemicals used 
in manufacturing
The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct and Supplier Responsibility 
Standards outline our requirements for suppliers in the areas of 
health and safety, labor and human rights, the environment, ethics, 
and management systems, including requirements related to their 
use of chemicals. We also account for how chemicals are selected 
and managed within our supply chain — and the impact it can have 
on the health and safety of people working in our supply chain. Read 
more about our work across our global supply chain in our People 
and Environment in our Supply Chain Report.
Collecting detailed and accurate information drives this process, 
including which chemicals our suppliers use to make our products 
and how they store, handle, and use each one. Through the 
Chemical Safety Disclosure (CSD) program, suppliers are required 
to provide this data as part of a rigorous disclosure process. The 
detailed chemical inventory from our suppliers allows us to support 
our supply chain partners in identifying risks and opportunities to 
implement safer alternatives. 
In 2024, more than 1000 supplier facilities — including suppliers 
representing the majority of our direct spend — shared their 
chemical inventories as well as their storage and control information 
as part of the CSD program. Through this initiative, we’ve identified 
more than 16,000 unique materials and chemicals used in the 
manufacturing process. All these efforts contribute to a safer work 
environment for people across our supply chain.
Comprehensive chemical mapping for safer products
An understanding of chemical 
ingredients leads to better materials 
for Apple products
Through the FMD program, Apple 
manufacturing partners share the 
materials they use to manufacture 
Apple products.
We work with material manufacturers 
to understand the chemistries of the 
materials, enabling evaluation.
Data helps Apple suppliers manage 
chemicals and materials they use to 
make Apple products
Through our CSD program, suppliers 
provide Apple with information about 
how they use and store the chemicals 
and protect their employees.
This data informs and prioritizes supplier 
engagement, encouraging rigorous 
chemical management practices and the 
adoption of safer alternatives.
Apple customers benefit from using 
products made with safer materials 
and chemicals
The FMD and CSD programs support 
the creation of quality products in a 
responsible manner for our customers.
Apple’s Chemical Safety Disclosure (CSD) Program 
Through CSD, more than 
16,000 unique materials 
and chemicals used in the 
manufacturing process 
have been identified.
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Assessment
Our purpose
We use chemical and 
material data collected 
from our supply chain to 
assess that our product 
designs, manufacturing 
processes, and 
approaches to recycling 
and reuse meet the high 
standards set in our 
Regulated Substances 
Specification and 
Restricted Chemicals for 
Prolonged Skin Contact 
Materials Specification. 
Our path
We use industry-
leading assessment 
methods and tools as 
we work to confirm 
that only materials 
meeting our stringent 
requirements are used 
in Apple products.
Our progress
Codified safer 
alternatives in Apple’s 
March 2025 Regulated 
Substances Specification 
(RSS) update — the first 
Apple RSS revision to 
enforce safer chemistry 
in its supply chain
Our progress
Approved more than 
65 new safer cleaners 
in fiscal year 2024, for 
a total of more than 
200 safer cleaners 
approved for use in 
Apple’s supply chain
Our progress
Launched CleanScreen — 
a cloud-based app 
designed to streamline 
the creation of safer 
formulations — 
in collaboration 
with ChemFORWARD
Safer cleaners
Supplier engagement
Chemical hazard assessments
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Setting and maintaining rigorous 
chemical safety requirements
We first published the Regulated Substances Specification over 
20 years ago, establishing requirements for the use of chemicals 
or materials in our products, accessories, manufacturing 
processes, and packaging. The specification builds on our history 
of advancements in material safety — and reflects our dedication 
to the collection of necessary data to uphold these requirements.
We continue to evolve the RSS with new chemicals and restrictions 
based on the latest scientific research and standards, drawing from 
regulations, international standards, and voluntary requirements. 
Many of the specification’s restrictions exceed the most stringent 
local regulatory requirements to protect workers’ health and the 
environment. The specification designates restricted substances 
and requires reporting on additional substances. This year, we’ve 
released a revision with our most ambitious requirements to date, 
including new testing requirements for heavy metals in dyes 
and a new section that addresses substitution of materials with 
appropriate alternatives. This new section addresses requirements 
for our material suppliers to work to confirm alternatives to 
chemicals phased out are replaced by appropriate alternatives, 
and also requires suppliers to exclusively use verified materials for 
specific uses, such as cleaners used at final assembly sites. This 
update makes Apple one of the first companies to codify a clear 
policy to enforce substitution with safer materials, creating greater 
awareness and true accountability among our supply chain partners.
Our Green Chemistry Advisory Board — an independent group of 
leading researchers and academics — provides feedback on key 
initiatives, including potential updates to the RSS. Their diverse 
experience and perspectives help us lead the way in protecting our 
customers and those who make or recycle our products.
We apply controls to materials that come into prolonged skin contact 
(as defined in our Restricted Chemicals for Prolonged Skin Contact 
Materials list). These restrictions focus on substances that are 
potential skin sensitizers, minimizing reactions commonly reported 
across wearable products like jewelry. We derive these restrictions 
from leading standards, recommendations from toxicologists 
and dermatologists, international laws and directives, and Apple 
policies. We mandate that our suppliers analyze each material 
that comes into prolonged contact with skin according to Apple’s 
requirements, and we review compliance with these requirements. 
Our specifications are incorporated into contractual obligations 
for our suppliers, and each specification helps us maintain 
stringent requirements.
Chemical safety
Apple is one of the first companies to 
codify a clear policy to enforce substitution 
with safer materials — creating greater 
awareness and true accountability with 
our supply chain partners.
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Verifying and developing in the 
environmental testing lab
We evaluate the safety of our products and materials through 
chemical analyses at our Environmental Testing Lab. Our chemists 
test materials to monitor compliance with our specifications. The 
lab continues to grow in its mission and capacity — expanding its 
testing facilities with new technologies to conduct chemical analysis. 
Our teams also review test reports from suppliers to evaluate 
substances against the Regulated Substances Specification 
and Restricted Chemicals for Prolonged Skin Contact Materials 
Specification. In 2024, we performed toxicological assessments on 
more than 1800 new materials to proactively evaluate and eliminate 
potentially harmful substances from our products.
The data we collect from our disclosure programs drives our 
assessments. We’re able to generate comprehensive assessments 
such as GreenScreen®, a methodology that we use to gauge 
the potential impact of chemicals on individuals’ health and 
the environment based on 18 criteria. We develop toxicological 
profiles for new chemicals using scientific literature and internal 
assessments. These profiles detail the impacts of each chemical, 
providing data that enables us to evaluate the safety of using a 
substance in a specific product. We also continue to expand the 
scope of biocompatibility testing beyond individual materials to 
include modules and whole products. Through this work, we have an 
even more comprehensive view of each material and the potential 
impact that assembly has on safety. We conduct toxicological 
analyses of the materials in our products to help guide our material 
safety guidelines. The information we share through material 
specifications benefits our suppliers and those we collaborate with 
in the industry.
Working with suppliers to meet 
global requirements
We’ve created systems to help our suppliers learn about our material 
specifications, track and assess the materials they use, and regularly 
communicate their material usage. This helps our suppliers meet 
global standards and regulations governing their operations. The 
FMD and CSD programs require suppliers to gather, understand, 
and share information on the materials they use — beyond 
regulatory requirements.
We support suppliers’ engagement with these programs — and the 
RSS — through ongoing training, which is central to our partnership 
and shared efforts to promote smarter chemistry in our products 
and processes. The RSS describes Apple’s global requirements and 
restrictions on the use of certain chemical substances or materials 
in Apple products, accessories packaging, ingredient formulations, 
and manufacturing processes. We provide supplemental support to 
our suppliers through training and workshops on our specifications. 
We’re also working with our suppliers to identify and develop 
alternative non-PFAS materials without regrettable substitutions that 
meet the current and upcoming regulatory requirements for complex 
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).
Our suppliers in China have been working under regulations since 
2020 governing the use of materials containing volatile organic 
compounds (VOCs). In 2024, we continued providing additional 
support to suppliers through trainings on the regulations, attended 
by more than 480 participants. These attendees helped validate 
over 3900 materials for low-VOC compliance. By deploying a VOC 
specification worldwide, we’re also helping drive the global adoption 
of low-VOC alternatives.
Creating a list of safer cleaners
Our efforts are making an immediate and lasting impact in 
protecting workers and the environment through our approach to 
the application of cleaners and degreasers — some of the highest-
use materials at final assembly sites. Regulators and environmental 
health and safety organizations have focused considerable attention 
on the chemistries of cleaners and degreasers.
We’ve restricted the use of cleaners with known carcinogens, 
mutagens, reproductive toxicants, strong sensitizers, and persistent 
bio-accumulative toxins (including PFAS) from cleaners and 
degreasers used at our supplier final assembly sites. This work was 
guided by globally recognized standards (such as EPA Safer Choice, 
GreenScreen Certified®, and ToxFMD®). These standards are based 
on chemical hazard assessments, a more comprehensive and robust 
hazard approach than eliminating individual substances of concern. 
In 2024, we approved 67 additional safer cleaners for use in our 
supply chain, bringing the total number of safer cleaners we’ve 
approved over the past three years to more than 200.
These efforts have had a direct impact on health and safety — and 
have the potential to transform how our industry operates. We’re 
promoting their use across our supply chain by making it easier 
for suppliers to select safer alternatives for process chemicals 
at the outset. We restrict the use of cleaners and degreasers 
not included in our safer cleaners list set forth by our Restricted 
Substances Specification — including at all of our final assembly 
sites, where cleaners and degreasers account for some of the most 
used materials by volume.74 We’ve consistently expanded this work 
deeper into our supply chain to suppliers and processes beyond final 
assembly, helping them identify and implement opportunities to use 
safer alternatives in their operations. In 2024, we received the EPA 
Safer Choice Partner of the Year Award for the fourth time in five 
years in recognition of our work to advance the use of safer cleaners 
and degreasers.
We also look outside our supply chain to promote a broader 
transition to safer chemicals across our industry. See page 69 
for more information on how we’re advocating for safer cleaners 
and degreasers.
Toxicological assessments
In 2024, we performed 
toxicological assessments on 
more than 1800 new materials to 
proactively evaluate and eliminate 
potentially harmful substances 
from our products.
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FEATURE
Building an industry resource 
for safer cleaners
Developing safer cleaners and degreasers 
and implementing their use in manufacturing 
our products has been central to our work on 
smarter chemistry — and integral in our efforts 
to protect workers and the environment. 
In 2024, we’ve expanded the reach of this 
work with the launch of CleanScreen, a 
cloud-based app designed to streamline the 
creation of safer formulations, in collaboration 
with ChemFORWARD.
CleanScreen makes the knowledge we’ve developed with 
ChemFORWARD on safer cleaners immediately accessible to 
formulators through an easy-to-use app. ChemFORWARD’s 
repository of comprehensive chemical hazard assessments allows 
users to screen ingredients in their cleaners and degreasers, 
receive high-quality results, and identify substitutions for 
chemicals of concern. The app protects formulators’ confidential 
business information while providing transparent feedback on 
potential hazards.
We supported ChemFORWARD’s launch of CleanScreen in 2024 as 
a resource for formulators to proactively meet the safer chemistry 
standards and requirements we’re setting for our suppliers. The 
app also helps qualify formulations against third-party certification 
requirements, like IPC-1402, US EPA Safer Choice, and all the 
external standards accepted by ChemWorks.org. Additionally, 
CleanScreen makes these certification standards more accessible. 
And the app was available at no cost to formulators at launch.
CleanScreen is an example of how we engage the supply chain 
through innovative collaborations. Our approach to safer chemistry 
goes beyond establishing safety requirements for our suppliers. The 
knowledge and experience we’ve developed with ChemFORWARD 
provide a unique opportunity to help chemical formulators in our 
supply chain create safer cleaners within the community and 
promote their broader adoption across the industry.
Safer cleaners
We helped launch CleanScreen, 
a cloud-based app designed to 
streamline the creation of safer 
formulations, in collaboration with 
ChemFORWARD.
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Innovation
Our purpose
We’re working to 
continually improve 
the chemical safety, 
performance, and 
environmental impact of 
materials by expanding 
our knowledge of material 
properties through 
assessments, enabling 
us to pursue innovations 
that align with our values.
Our path
We seek out and support 
the development of safer 
chemistries and aim 
to continually improve 
the overall safety of our 
products and processes.
Our progress
Achieved #1 ranking 
on Toxic-Free Future’s 
Retailer Report Card 
as the only company 
to receive an A for its 
commitment to safer 
chemistry and approach 
to restrictions and 
safer alternatives
Our progress
Apple co-authored a 
scientific publication on 
applying a regression 
model that uses 
in vitro methods to 
predict the safe level 
of skin allergens
Our progress
Developed a test 
method for more 
accurate measurement 
of fluorine in plastics to 
better monitor PFAS in 
consumer electronics
Drive the creation of better dyes
Discover new, safer chemistries
Advocate for safer alternatives
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Creating new, safer chemistries to 
move the industry forward
Our strict requirements govern potentially harmful substances 
in our products and processes, encouraging our manufacturing 
partners to prioritize safer materials. These requirements also help 
create a market for better alternatives. We lend our expertise on 
safer chemistries to support our suppliers as they meet the growing 
demand for safer materials. Prioritizing these materials also means 
phasing out chemistries that don’t meet our specifications. We’ve 
approached this across our company and products while investing 
in safer alternatives to drive change across our industry. The use 
of safer cleaners today supports the circular supply chains of 
the future.
Using our research and analysis of materials, we’ve collaborated 
with suppliers to create safer alternatives — including for 
substances where none currently exist. In these cases, we lend our 
technical capabilities in material science to work with suppliers to 
develop entirely new chemistries. We maintain the same high safety, 
performance, and environmental standards for new alternative 
materials, submitting them through rigorous testing and evaluation 
to avoid regrettable substitutions.
Read our white paper about our 
commitment to phasing out per- and 
polyfluoroalkyl substances.
Smarter Chemistry
We’ve led in the identification 
and successful removal of 
potentially harmful substances 
since the late 1990s.
We’ve led in the identification and successful removal of potentially 
harmful substances since the late 1990s. This process has involved 
rigorously assessing chemicals and removing those that don’t align 
with our goals and standards — in some cases before removal 
becomes a requirement and industry standard. We’ve been working 
to phase out the use of PFAS in our products, engaging with our 
supply chain partners, and developing alternatives.
While our analysis indicates that PFAS used in our products are 
safe during product use, it was important to expand our scope 
to consider manufacturing throughout the supply chain. We’re 
prioritizing phaseout activities in applications that result in the 
highest volumes of PFAS reductions and the most meaningful 
environmental impact. We’re pursuing our phaseout in three steps: 
compiling a comprehensive catalog of PFAS uses in our products, 
identifying and developing non-PFAS alternatives that can meet 
our performance needs, and confirming that non-PFAS alternatives 
align with our safety and environmental goals. We’ve created new 
formulations of plastics, adhesives, and lubricants, replacing PFAS 
with other existing technologies to achieve similar performance in 
flame resistance and friction reduction.
We’re also advancing the ability to more effectively detect PFAS. 
We’ve developed a test method for more accurate measuring 
fluorine in plastics to better monitor PFAS in consumer electronics. 
This method will be made available to industry and non-industry 
stakeholders to identify areas where alternatives are needed.
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Apple’s Regulated Substances
Materials selection 
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
We proactively removed PFOA and PFOS from our 
products in 2010 and 2013, respectively, far ahead of 
global requirements. In addition, we were ahead of our 
industry peers in making a commitment to completely 
eliminate PFAS from our products. We plan to do this by 
developing or selecting non-PFAS alternatives that do not 
result in regrettable substitutions.
Manufacturing
Safer cleaners and degreasers
We’ve restricted the use of cleaners and degreasers that 
contain known carcinogens, mutagens, reproductive 
toxicants, strong sensitizers, and persistent bio-
accumulative toxins (including PFAS) from those used 
at our supplier final assembly sites. We did this by 
using globally recognized standards (such as EPA Safer 
Choice, GreenScreen Certified®, and ToxFMD®) based 
on full formulation-level (or material-level) chemical 
hazard assessments because this approach is more 
comprehensive and robust than simply eliminating 
individual substances of concern.
Product use
PVC and phthalates
We’ve replaced PVC and phthalates with safer 
thermoplastic elastomers.* Phthalates are known 
endocrine disruptors that are not bound in PVC and can 
leak. Both are still used by other companies in power 
cords and headphone cables.
Recycling
Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants
We’ve replaced brominated and chlorinated flame 
retardants, which reduce the recyclability of plastics and 
limit material circularity, with safer metal hydroxides and 
phosphorous compounds. Incineration of waste plastics 
containing brominated and chlorinated flame retardants 
can release toxic chemicals such as dioxins and furans.
* We broadly restrict the use of PVC and 
phthalates in our products, except for AC power 
cords in India, Thailand (two-prong AC power 
cords), and South Korea, where we continue 
to seek government approval for our PVC and 
phthalates replacement. 
Driving the creation of better dyes
In partnership with our suppliers, we’ve created dye formulations 
in our anodizing processes that better safeguard worker health 
and the environment. The innovation challenge was to achieve 
the quality and selection of colors that meet our rigorous design 
standards while improving environmental performance. We 
narrowed our options to the most color-versatile and UV-stable 
dyes, and we engaged with our manufacturers to develop a wide 
range of colorants. These alternatives mitigate the risks associated 
with conventional dyes used in anodizing processes, including 
potential workplace exposure and impact on the local environment 
through discharge.
Advocating for safer alternatives across 
our industry
Our work in smarter chemistry helps facilitate the transition to 
safer alternatives that are accessible to others in our industry. 
Identifying and promoting the use of safer cleaners beyond Apple 
is a way to increase the impact of safer alternatives. The criteria 
we set for chemicals in materials — and how our suppliers use 
them — help establish even more stringent standards around health 
and safety across the electronics industry. We collaborate with 
standards-setting bodies, trade associations, and NGOs to achieve 
this, developing tools, standards, and mechanisms to drive the 
identification and adoption of smarter chemistries throughout our 
supply chain.
We’ve focused on cleaners and degreasers, building multiple 
pathways to advance industry innovation in safer cleaners. Our 
efforts to use safer cleaners in our supply chain have been central 
to our advocacy for greater industry collaboration and instrumental 
to our participation as a founding signatory of the Toward Zero 
Exposure program led by the Clean Electronics Production 
Network (CEPN).
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In 2023, we collaborated with IPC, a globally recognized electronics 
standards-setting body, to draft and help launch IPC-1402, Standard 
for Green Cleaners Used in Electronics Manufacturing. This standard 
resulted from work over the past three years with the Green Cleaners 
for Electronics Manufacturing task group, where we’ve served 
as chair, working with more than 20 industry partners. It will help 
suppliers across the electronics industry select cleaners that are 
safer for workers and the environment. In 2022, we received the IPC 
Stan Plzak Corporate Recognition Award for our work on this effort 
and our contributions to the industry. 
We continued to partner with ChemFORWARD, a nonprofit 
committed to creating broad access to chemical hazard data to 
make it easier for suppliers to choose safer alternatives. In 2023, we 
worked with ChemFORWARD to announce ChemWorks, a new open 
resource aimed at helping others identify certified safer formulations 
to accelerate the adoption of safer cleaners and degreasers, as 
we have in our supply chain. And in 2024, Toxic-Free Future, 
an environmental health research and advocacy organization, 
ranked Apple #1 on its Retailer Report Card — the only company 
to receive an A grade for its commitment to and transparency 
in safer chemistry, as well as its approach to restrictions and 
safer alternatives.
We also supported the Responsible Business Alliance (RBA) 
in developing the Specialty Validated Assessment Program on 
Chemical Management, a world-class chemical management 
due diligence evaluation program. Last year, the RBA launched 
the Chemical Management Leadership Program — a risk-based, 
voluntary achievement program to advance responsible chemical 
management in global electronics supply chains — and published 
the Practical Guide to Chemical Management Due Diligence in 
Supply Chains, documenting best practices to safeguard workers’ 
health and the environment.
In February 2024, we co-authored an article proposing an innovative 
approach to using safer materials and addressing the challenge of 
eliminating PFAS.75 We’ve already eliminated two PFAS members, 
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid 
(PFOS), from our products by restricting their use in 2010 and 2013, 
respectively. We’re committed to phasing out PFAS as we continue 
to create products that are safe for our customers. The innovation 
we’re pursuing combines machine learning and a data-driven 
framework to identify and screen potential alternatives to harmful 
chemicals. The framework integrates technical and environmental 
data, to design materials that are benign by considering hazard 
impacts throughout their life cycle. The approach also leverages 
AI to analyze complex structure-function relationships, creating a 
“digital signature” to efficiently search for safer chemistries across 
vast chemical spaces. This new approach seeks to accelerate 
the discovery and design of materials that achieve both technical 
functionality and minimal hazard impact.
Safer cleaner Journey
Achieved
100% participation of final 
assembly supplier sites in the 
Safer Cleaners Program
2018 2020
Achieved
EPA Partner of the Year 
Award for the first time
Established
internal Safer Cleaners 
list containing more than 
50 cleaners
2021
Transitioned
internal criteria to industry 
GreenScreen® certificates
95+
total cleaners were on the Safer 
Cleaners list, with more than 
40 added that year
2022
Published
certified Safer Cleaners List for industry 
use with ChemWorks Product Registry
130+
total cleaners were on the Safer Cleaners 
list, with more than 35 added that year
Partnered
with Clean Production Action (CPA) 
to use Safer Cleaners criteria for 
GreenScreen certificates
2023
175
added more than 40 additional 
cleaners added to the Safer 
Cleaners list, comprising up to 
175 cleaners
Expanded
the Safer Cleaners Program deeper 
into the supply chain to processes 
beyond final assembly
2024
200+
total cleaners were on the Safer 
Cleaners list, with more than 
65 added that year
Codified
the Safer Cleaners Program 
in the Regulated Substances 
Specification, making it a 
requirement for all Apple suppliers
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Engagement 
and Advocacy
In this section
Listening to a range of voices
Achieving change together
Supporting communities worldwide
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Engagement and Advocacy
Our purpose
We collaborate with groups 
working to address environmental 
challenges — from policymakers 
to stakeholders driving change 
day-to-day. We believe it’s 
our responsibility to use our 
global platform and influence to 
address the urgent needs of the 
environment. We know we can’t 
solve complex environmental 
challenges alone — through 
engagement, we can catalyze 
the systemic changes needed to 
achieve lasting global impact.
Stakeholders Focus areas Spotlight
As of 2024, we’ve funded 30+ 
grants across 25+ countries 
on initiatives supporting 
environmental efforts.
Communities
Addressing 
environmental impacts 
and injustices
Policymakers
Informing policy and 
supporting regulations that 
align with our objectives
Nongovernmental 
organizations (NGOs)
Sharing resources and 
gaining insights into 
environmental practices
Industry associations
Understanding issues 
and informing regulations 
and policy
Research
Informing environmental 
research and best 
practices
Partnerships
Collaborating on 
NGOs’ strategy and 
program delivery
Coalitions
Promoting environmental 
leadership with others in 
the industry 
Events and bilateral 
meetings 
Sharing our perspective with 
multisectoral leaders 
Advocacy
T aking action to drive 
environmental policy
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Listening to a range of voices
We learn from diverse communities devoted 
to environmental stewardship. We approach 
these conversations to gain insights and 
thoughtfully engage with those who bring a 
range of perspectives. 
Our conversations with stakeholders are fundamental to our 
environmental efforts. The communities we engage with help shape 
how we evaluate global and regional regulations, approaches, and 
the promise of emerging technologies. As we implement what we’ve 
learned, we incorporate feedback to aid our progress — including 
aligning with new standards and best practices and exploring the 
potential impact of cutting-edge research on our operations.
We consult with the scientific community to better understand 
emerging approaches, technologies, and tools that can support our 
environmental goals. To enhance material recovery for Apple and 
others, we worked with Carnegie Mellon University researchers to 
create robotic recycling systems, advancing product disassembly 
and material sorting mechanisms. We also continue to engage 
our Green Chemistry Advisory Board, an independent group of 
toxicologists and experts who advise on our smarter chemistry 
initiatives, including potential updates to the RSS.
We draw from cross-sector engagement platforms like the Alliance 
for Water Stewardship (AWS) to help guide our programs and 
set standards for environmental efforts. The expertise of AWS 
defines the world-class water stewardship practices that we’ve 
implemented at select Apple and supplier facilities, earning AWS 
Standard certification.
The business community — including our customers, suppliers, 
industry partners, and investors — also serves as a valuable source 
of collaboration. As co-chair of the United States Information 
Technology Office (USITO) — a trade association representing 
the U.S. information and communications technology industry in 
China — we lead the environmental protection and energy efficiency 
working groups. In this role, we engage with other companies in 
China as we work to comply with new environmental regulations and 
with policymakers on future standards. 
Engaging stakeholders
We listen to a diverse set of 
stakeholders to learn how to 
improve our approaches to 
environmental stewardship.
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Achieving change together
We participate in collective action as the 
best means to address urgent environmental 
issues. Proactively sharing our experiences 
and contributing to collaborative efforts 
in our areas of focus and expertise help us 
better realize the environmental goals we 
share with our stakeholders. As industry 
leaders, we believe we have a responsibility 
to influence change — through advocating 
for policy and directly engaging with 
our stakeholders.
Supply chain
Engaging with our suppliers on our climate and environmental 
goals is critical to achieving impact across our footprint. We 
establish requirements and methods of communication and 
data exchange through specific supplier platforms, surveys, and 
programs. Each supplier engagement program serves as the 
foundation for our working relationships. Within those programs, 
we build the networks and systems required to continue engaging 
with our suppliers.
Through these programs, we help facilitate efforts to decarbonize 
operations across our supply chain, drive water reuse, 
establish standards to source and use resources responsibly 
in manufacturing, and more. Additionally, we’ve offered our 
suppliers trainings, workshops, educational materials, webinars, 
and connections to external funding and support throughout our 
supplier capability-building programs.
Supplier Clean Energy Program
We’re working with our industry partners to advance 
renewable energy throughout our manufacturing 
supply chain while also focusing on scaling areas of 
decarbonization that are not yet mature. Our Supplier Clean 
Energy Program (CEP), launched in 2015, helps suppliers 
transition to renewable electricity by advocating for policy 
changes, providing information and access to renewable 
energy procurement options, and creating engagement 
opportunities with energy experts. The program also 
equips suppliers with learnings to be shared with other 
partners throughout their value chains, extending benefits 
beyond the scope of Apple. For more information about the 
Supplier Clean Energy Program, read the Electricity section.
Supplier Energy Efficiency Program
We offer suppliers energy efficiency best practices 
and measures to help avoid emissions that will become 
requirements for all factories. The Supplier Energy 
Efficiency Program, launched in 2015, helps suppliers 
optimize their energy use. Implementing efficiencies 
reduces the energy intensity of manufacturing, which 
translates to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. We 
provide technical support to suppliers as they build more 
energy-efficient systems. And help them to recognize 
optimization opportunities and to identify solutions through 
energy assessments. To assist with implementation, 
we connect suppliers to extensive education and 
training opportunities — including technical assistance 
resources — and help them access external funding 
for energy efficiency projects. For more information 
about the Supplier Energy Efficiency Program, read the 
Electricity section.
Supplier Clean Water Program
We continue to increase supplier participation in the 
program at their facilities, prioritizing high water stress 
locations and driving participants to an average 50 percent 
water reuse rate by 2030. The Supplier Clean Water 
Program, launched in 2013, helps suppliers minimize 
process water impacts and adopt best practices in onsite 
water management. We support these efforts with training, 
offering guidance on advanced wastewater treatment 
methods and technologies. This knowledge empowers 
our suppliers to improve the quality of water they 
discharge, making it ready for subsequent use. For more 
information on the Supplier Clean Water Program, read the 
Water section.
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Industry engagement
Through partnerships and coalitions, we collaborate with various 
industries by sharing proprietary tools and standards and pursuing 
policy objectives that drive our shared goals. We regularly evaluate 
our engagement with trade associations. As part of this process, we 
assess relevant trade association positions on climate and identify 
areas of misalignment with our values and principles. We then work 
with our trade associations to align our positions. 
We also participate in industry events and conferences, sharing 
our knowledge and best practices. In 2024, we delivered keynote 
addresses at the International Electronics Recycling Congress (IERC) 
and the World Circular Economy Forum (WCEF), as well as presented 
research papers at the Electronics Goes Green scientific conference 
on environmental topics such as eco-design and climate action.
Global climate partnerships and memberships
America is All In
Coalition of leaders in the United States who champion a whole-
of-society mobilization to deliver the transformational change 
that will meet the challenge of the climate crisis and secure 
a healthy, prosperous, equitable, and sustainable future for 
everybody
Member, Leaders Circle
BSR
Sustainable business network and consultancy focused on 
creating a world in which all people can thrive on a healthy 
planet
Member
Ceres
Nonprofit dedicated to taking action to stabilize the climate, 
protect water and natural resources, and build a just and 
inclusive economy 
Member of the Ceres Company Network
Climate Group
International nonprofit with a network of over 500 multinational 
businesses in 175 markets worldwide focused on the goal of 
a world of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, with greater 
prosperity for all
RE100 Member
CN100 Alliance
Industry alliance launched in 2024 to advocate for industry 
actions and policies promoting carbon neutrality and circular 
supply chains in China
Member
Conservation International (CI)
A nonprofit that empowers societies to responsibly and 
sustainably care for nature, our global biodiversity, for the  
well-being of humanity
Partner
Corporate Eco Forum (CEF)
Invitation-only forum for senior executives representing large, 
influential companies that demonstrate a serious commitment 
to sustainability as core to business strategy
Member
Exponential Roadmap Initiative (ERI)
Accredited initiative of the UN Climate Change High-Level 
Champions’ Race to Zero, with the mission to halve emissions 
before 2030 through climate action and groundbreaking projects
Member
MIT Climate & Sustainability Consortium (MCSC)
Academia and industry collaboration galvanizing the 
business community to impact broad and intersecting 
environmental challenges 
Industry Advisory Board member
Responsible Business Alliance (RBA)
Industry coalition dedicated to responsible business conduct 
in global supply chains 
Full member, served on the RBA Board of Directors and steering 
committee of the Responsible Minerals Initiative
SEMI Sustainability and Climate Initiatives
Coalition accelerating climate action across the semiconductor 
value chain through direct emissions reductions in 
semiconductor manufacturing and Scope 3 transparency, 
Energy Collaborative for renewables procurement, and water 
and waste management working groups
Member
World Business Council for Sustainable Development 
(WBCSD)
Community of the world’s leading sustainable businesses 
working toward a net-zero, nature-positive, and more 
equitable future
Member
World Economic Forum 
The International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation, 
providing a global, impartial, and not-for-profit platform for 
meaningful connection between stakeholders to establish trust 
and build initiatives for cooperation and progress
Member
World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 
The world’s leading conservation organization, working to 
sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife 
and collaborating with partners from local to global levels in 
nearly 100 countries
Partner
Collaborative impact
We make public commitments alongside our partners to clarify 
our support and signal the change we’re working to create. 
We’re transparent about the progress we make against these 
commitments, ensuring accountability for results and inspiring 
broader action.
In 2024, we partnered with the Clean Energy Buyer’s Alliance 
to develop supplier education materials and digital content 
alongside others in the industry, conducting in-person training in 
China and Vietnam. We also continued our collaboration with the 
Center for Resource Solutions on the Clean Energy Accounting 
Project to develop standardized, stakeholder-reviewed clean 
energy and GHG emissions accounting guidance.
Also in 2024, we partnered with the China Green Carbon 
Foundation to develop the high-quality forestry carbon removal 
projects assessment guideline in China, a first-of-its-kind 
framework for suppliers and other companies operating in the 
country. Published by the China Society of Forestry and available 
as a voluntary group standard, the guideline aligns with Restore 
Fund investment qualifications to help determine the quality of 
forestry carbon removal projects.
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FEATURE
Engagement across 
our environmental 
initiatives
Electricity
Advanced Energy United
Asia Clean Energy Coalition (ACEC)
Center for Resource Solutions (CRS)
Clean Energy Buyers Alliance (CEBA)
Corporate Energy Demand initiative (CEDI)
Japan Climate Leaders’ Partnership (JCLP)
RE100
SEMI Energy Collaborative (EC)
VERACI-T
WattTime
ZEROgrid
Carbon removal
Conservation International
Space Intelligence
Goldman Sachs
MIT Climate and Sustainability Consortium (MCSC)
Oxford University
Climate Asset Management
Design and materials
Aluminum Stewardship Initiative (ASI)
ChemFORWARD
China Association of Circular Economy (CACE)
IMEC Sustainable Semiconductor Technologies and 
Systems (SSTS)
MIT Climate and Sustainability Consortium (MCSC)
Responsible Business Alliance (RBA)
Responsible Minerals Initiative (RMI)
SEMI Sustainability
WBCSD Critical Materials Collective
World Economic Forum, Aluminum First Movers Coalition
Our partnerships align with our strategic 
initiatives and engage with organizations 
and institutions operating across the globe. 
We participate at all levels, from acting 
in leadership as founders, members, and 
sponsors to working alongside others.
Direct GHG emissions
IMEC Sustainable Semiconductor Technologies and 
Systems (SSTS)
MIT Climate and Sustainability Consortium (MCSC)
Semiconductor Climate Consortium (SCC)
World Economic Forum, Aviation First Movers Coalition
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FEATURE
Apple 2030 policy 
platform
We support climate and environmental 
policy through our actions and 
stakeholder engagement. 
Our Apple 2030 roadmap is intended not only to address 
the impacts of our business but also to catalyze ambitious 
environmental leadership globally. Strong, worldwide government 
action is essential to enable the systemic policy changes the 
world needs. Our environmental advocacy is grounded in 
fundamental principles that support science-based pathways, 
transparent targets, and accountability mechanisms. We’re 
guided by principles that include, but aren’t limited to, 
the following.
Climate
Advocate for policymakers and businesses to set science-
based targets to reduce emissions in line with the Paris 
Agreement and the global ambition to be net zero by 2050 
to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.
Enable rapid decarbonization through government-led 
policies, including carbon pricing and emissions mitigation 
programs, such as fluorinated greenhouse gas abatement 
in display and semiconductor industries.
Promote the development and scalable adoption of 
technological solutions within hard-to-abate sectors.
Encourage rules for high-integrity corporate measurement 
and disclosure of emissions along the entire value 
chain, using globally recognized standards and 
harmonized approaches.
Support carbon removal credit schemes that set strict 
environmental, social, and governance standards for natural 
carbon removal solutions that deliver durable climate, 
community, and biodiversity benefits.
Support strong national and international policies that drive 
the scale-up of all available forms of climate mitigation, 
including the role that corporate investment in quality carbon 
projects play in supporting national carbon targets.
Encourage policymakers, peers, and partners to 
center equity and justice in climate solutions during 
the development of the new green economy, so that 
communities most impacted by climate change benefit from 
the economic opportunities climate solutions offer.
Energy
Encourage and incentivize the global transition to 
renewable electricity — including tripling renewables 
capacity to 11,000 gigawatts by 2030 — and move away 
from electricity sources emitting more pollution, such as 
fossil fuels, fossil fuels with carbon capture, and hydrogen 
from fossil fuels.
Promote energy efficiency, remove barriers to renewable 
energy development, and increase investment in 
high-capacity transmission, energy storage, and 
load-shaping technologies.
Enable energy consumers to have access to cost-
competitive renewable energy purchase options.
Consider the life cycle emissions of energy resources and 
mitigation technologies, and set high-integrity mitigation 
standards accordingly, in line with high-quality product 
carbon footprint methodologies.
Encourage research into pre-commercial technologies 
addressing GHG emissions — like advanced fuels, 
manufacturing, and energy storage — and provide 
incentives to identify, develop, and bring them to market, 
particularly in hard-to-decarbonize sectors.
Support policies accelerating the decarbonization of 
the transportation sector, including the development 
and adoption of non-fossil, low-carbon, and zero-
carbon alternatives for aviation, ground transport, 
and maritime shipping.
Circularity
Drive policies that include circularity as part of the solution 
to responsibly meet the growing demand for critical 
materials used in electronics.
Drive our suppliers to continuously improve labor, human 
rights, and environmental protection standards across 
recycled and primary materials supply chains.
Promote policies that maximize product longevity and 
minimize environmental impact by balancing design for 
reliability and ease of repair while ensuring that user 
privacy and device security are protected.
Support globally aligned, evidence-based, and product-
specific eco-design standards.
Develop collection programs that engage customers, 
protect environmental and human health, and 
capture large volumes of electronics for reuse, repair, 
refurbishment, and recycling.
Promote consistent waste regulations — harmonized 
across geographies — to enable efficient and commercially 
viable movement of materials for recovery and recycling.
Encourage rapid adoption of recycled content through 
policies that enable the availability of high-quality 
secondary material supply, such as incentives for the 
development and expansion of pre-consumer and post-
consumer recycling infrastructure. 
Support the development of advanced electronics recycling 
facilities that can recover a broader range of resources 
at higher qualities, including materials that are difficult to 
recover or less valuable.
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Apple’s climate policy milestones
2015 2024
U.S.: Joined the White House’s American Business Act on Climate 
Pledge. (2015)
World: Addressed 700 senior government, business, and 
community leaders at the seventh Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM), 
where we called for governments to put a price on carbon across 
the world to address climate change. (2016)
U.S.: Urged the White House to remain in the Paris Agreement and 
take meaningful action on climate change. (2017)
Vietnam: Joined other companies in urging the government 
of Vietnam to make regulatory changes allowing businesses 
to procure renewable energy through direct power purchase 
agreements. (2017)
U.S.: Filed comments to the Federal Energy Regulatory 
Commission (FERC) urging it not to finalize a rule that would 
subsidize fossil fuels, which would limit the ability of renewables to 
compete in the electricity market. FERC chose not to finalize that 
rule. (2018)
U.S.: Filed comments to the U.S. EPA urging it not to repeal the 
Clean Power Program (CPP) because of its importance in reducing 
emissions. (2018)
China: Submitted formal comments to China’s National 
Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) on the implications 
of the draft policy on corporate clean energy procurement. (2018)
South Korea: Met with government officials in Korea to discuss 
the need for increased renewable generation and retail choice, 
enabling consumers to select their power source. (2018)
U.S.: Filed comments to encourage more rapid integration of 
renewable energy into the transmission grid, a key bottleneck to 
deploying renewable energy. (2022)
U.S.: Supported California’s Climate Corporate Data Accountability 
Act (SB 253), writing a letter affirming the policy in the final stages 
of negotiations. (2023)
U.S.: Submitted comments supporting the EPA’s proposed rule to 
regulate greenhouse gas emissions from existing coal power plants 
and new and existing natural gas plants. (2023)
Japan: Supported policy statements on power sector 
decarbonization by 2035, more floating offshore wind, diminishing 
reliance on fossil fuels, higher carbon pricing, and more Non-Fossil 
Certificate (NFC) transparency. (2023)
Japan: Joined the Japan Climate Leaders’ Partnership (JCLP) — 
one of the first multinational companies to participate. (2018)
World: Participated in the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA) 
and conducted bilateral discussions with a number of countries 
to advocate for policies that enable a circular economy and bold 
action on climate. (2019)
EU: Called on European leaders to increase their climate ambition 
to achieve targets of at least 55 percent greenhouse gas emissions 
reductions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050. The EU 
adopted these targets. (2020)
U.S.: Called on the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 
to require the disclosure of global greenhouse gases across all 
emissions scopes, one of the first large, public U.S. companies to 
do so. (2021)
Vietnam: Vocalized support to the government of Vietnam 
for an ambitious Power Development Plan (PDP) prioritizing 
clean energy. (2021)
U.S.: Voiced support for enacting the Clean Energy Standard 
(CES), which would decarbonize the power grid by 2035 — the 
first company to do so. (2021)
South Korea: Called for Korea’s 2030 energy plan to set a higher 
target for renewable energy, establish a fairer competitive market 
for renewables, and improve transparency for renewable energy 
solutions. (2022)
EU: Provided feedback on a science-aligned corporate climate 
action framework to policymakers, businesses, civil society 
organizations, and other stakeholders to support European policy 
efforts to incentivize transparent and high-integrity action. (2024)
Global: Signed the 3xRenewables letter calling for the tripling of 
global renewable energy capacity by 2030, along with support for 
energy storage and grids, to be included in UNFCCC Nationally 
Determined Contributions (NDCs) and energy plans. (2024)
Asia: Supported the creation or improvement of cost-effective 
renewable energy procurement mechanisms across several 
countries, including Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, through 
engagement in multiple renewable energy coalitions. (2024)
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Supporting communities worldwide
Through our engagement efforts, we 
work directly with groups and individuals 
striving for global environment impact and 
addressing environmental injustice in their 
communities. We evaluate each opportunity 
based on our strategic framework for 
engagement partners and alignment with 
Apple 2030. When we partner with another 
organization, our success depends on close 
collaboration and a shared focus  
on our objectives.
Our work combines collaboration and philanthropic contributions, 
determined based on each organization’s focus and potential to 
effect change. We direct our support toward urgently needed 
environmental solutions of all sizes, driven by people-first 
organizations that share our values.
Environmental progress guides our strategy. We focus on 
maximizing impact, promoting innovation, and fostering 
leadership while strengthening communities to achieve equitable 
outcomes. Our intention is for the work we support to endure long 
after our contributions are complete. We engage this through 
deep partnerships with communities, working toward sustainable 
models for transformative change.
Gravity Water 
Gravity Water’s use of rainwater harvesting technology 
provides climate-resilient clean water sources to 
communities, including harvesting devices installed at 
schools throughout Northern Vietnam.
Beyond Benign
Beyond Benign provides educators with the tools, training 
and support to make green chemistry an integral part of 
chemistry education. As part of their Minority Serving 
Institution (MSI) Initiative, they engage with higher 
education institutions to expand the global talent pool of 
scientists trained in sustainability for high-value companies.
Justice Outside 
Justice Outside’s Network for Network Leaders program 
promotes leadership in the outdoors, environmental 
education, and environmental justice.
Earth Island
We’ve partnered with Earth Island on the ÉnergieRich 
project which advances environmental justice and clean 
energy innovation by establishing durable, renewable 
energy and expanding access to technology through local 
production of innovative technology.
China Green Carbon Foundation
The China Green Carbon Foundation focuses on 
ecological restoration, increasing the capacity of carbon 
sequestration, conserving biodiversity in national parks, 
and promoting green development in China. We engage 
with the foundation to provide capacity building for China 
National Park staff and to offer national park internship 
opportunities to junior researchers and students.
Karrkad Kanjdji Trust Public Fund
Founded and led by Traditional Owners in Arnhem Land —  
one of Australia’s most biodiverse and culturally rich 
regions — the Karrkad Kanjdji Trust supports Indigenous 
ranger programs through conservation initiatives and 
professional development across vast protected areas.
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FEATURE
Restoring grassland and balance  
to communities in Chyulu Hills
An Apple-supported effort to restore the 
degraded savannas of Kenya’s Chyulu Hills 
region is demonstrating how a nature-based 
climate solution can help communities adapt 
to a changing climate and reduce human-
wildlife competition and social conflicts. 
Working in partnership with the Kenyan government, four local 
Maasai and Kamba Indigenous community organizations, and 
Conservation International, we’ve recently restored 11,000 hectares 
of grasslands in Chyulu Hills, with 20,000 hectares projected to be 
restored by 2027.
Grasslands are vital ecosystems for livelihoods and biodiversity — 
and in Chyulu Hills, they’re under increasing pressure from climate 
change and human activity. This region of Kenya is home to iconic 
wildlife, including African elephants and black rhinos, which share 
the land with pastoral Maasai communities. This coexistence 
often leads to competition for limited water, land, and pasture, 
sparking tensions both between humans and wildlife and within 
the community.
A study published in Frontiers in Environmental Science was 
conducted over 16 months in Chyulu Hills to assess how restoring 
degraded grasslands influences conflict dynamics between local 
Maasai people and wildlife. Household survey data from more 
than 40 percent of households in the area indicate a significant 
correlation between the expansion of restored grassland areas and 
a reduction in human-wildlife and social conflicts.76
Apple’s partnership with CI also includes a carbon credit project 
that raises funds to protect forests, support livelihoods, and improve 
grassland health. The project spans 410,000 hectares (one million 
acres), preventing on average 580,000 metric tons of greenhouse 
gases from entering the atmosphere each year. Over its 30-year 
span, the project is expected to prevent approximately 18 million 
metric tons of climate-warming carbon emissions from entering the 
atmosphere, equivalent to taking more than 4 million gas-powered 
cars off the road for a year.
The revenues generated by the carbon project make it possible 
to protect multiple landscapes, including a portion of Chyulu 
Hills National Park, and vast amounts of Maasai community lands 
and private conservancies. Also funded with the revenue are an 
emergency school food program, improvements to local health 
services, and scholarships for families in need.
“It’s heartening to see that repairing 
environmental damage can improve 
overall quality of life, protect wildlife, 
and undo some of the less visible 
impacts of climate change.”
Camila Donatti 
Lead researcher and senior director  
for climate change adaptation at Conservation International’s  
Moore Center for Science
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Data
In this section
Greenhouse gas emissions
High-quality carbon credits
Carbon footprint by product
Energy
Resources
Normalizing factors
81
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Data
Greenhouse gas emissions
We account for our carbon footprint 
by following internationally recognized 
standards, like the World Resources 
Institute (WRI) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) 
Protocol and ISO 14040/14044.
1 
Improving the accuracy of our carbon 
footprint is an ongoing process — as 
we learn more, we refine our carbon 
models and adjust our climate 
roadmap. We also regularly revisit 
the boundary of our carbon footprint 
as our data sources improve and our 
business evolves.
Fiscal year
2024 2023 2022 2021 2020
Corporate emissions 
(metric tons CO2e)2
Gross emissions 666,800 471,400 324,000 166,380 334,430
Scope 1 55,200 55,200 55,200 55,200 47,4 3 0
Natural gas, diesel, propane 37,400 35,300 39,700 40,070 39,340
Fleet vehicles 15,400 17,000 12,600 12,090 4,270
Other emissions3 2,400 2,900 2,900 3,040 3,830
Scope 2 (market-based) 3,300 3,400 3,000 2,780 0
Electricity 0 0 0 0 0
Steam, heating, and cooling4 3,300 3,400 3,000 2,780 0
Scope 3 608,300 412,800 265,800 108,400 287 ,000
Business travel 284,500 225,700 113,500 22,850 153,000
Employee commute5 152,700 164,100 134,200 85,570 134,000
Other fuel and energy-related activities6 166,400 18,300 10,600 0 0
Work from home (market-based) 4,700 4,700 7,500 0 0
Transmission and distribution loss (market-based) 0 0 0 N/A N/A
Other cloud (market-based) 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon credits
Corporate carbon credits -666,8007 -471,4008 -324,1009 -167,00010 -70,00011
Product life 
cycle emissions 
(metric tons CO
2e)12
Gross emissions (Scope 3) 14,500,000 15,570,000 20,280,000 23,020,000 22,260,000
Manufacturing (purchased goods and services) 8,200,000 9,400,000 13,400,000 16,200,000 16,100,000
Product transportation (upstream and downstream)1,950,000 1,500,000 1,900,000 1,750,000 1,800,000
Product use (use of sold products) 4,400,000 4,600,000 4,900,000 4,990,000 4,300,000
End-of-life processing 70,000 70,000 80,000 80,000 60,000
Carbon credits
Product carbon credits -70,300 -13,500 0 -500,00013 0
Total gross scope 3 emissions (corporate and product) (metric tons CO2e) 15,110,000 15,982,800 20,545,800 23,130,000 22,550,000
Total gross carbon footprint (without offsets) (metric tons CO2e)14 15,300,000 16,100,000 20,600,000 23,200,000 22,600,000
Total net carbon footprint (after applying offsets) (metric tons CO2e)14 14,500,000 15,600,000 20,300,000 22,530,000 22,530,000
Notes: 
• For data on years prior to 2020, please reference past Environmental Progress Reports. 
• Totals might not add up due to rounding. 
1 Apple ’s carbon footprint boundary is aligned with the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol framework and 
includes emissions that are material and relevant to Apple, where data is available. Apple’s carbon footprint 
includes direct scope 1 emissions; indirect scope 2 emissions from purchased electricity, steam, heating, 
and cooling; and indirect scope 3 emissions from purchased goods and services, other fuel and energy 
related activities, transportation and distribution, business travel, employee commute, product use, and end 
of life.
2
 Apple is carbon neutr al for corporate emissions as of April 2020. Beginning in fiscal year 2022, we’ve 
expanded our footprint boundary to include scope 3 emissions associated with work from home, other 
cloud services, electricity transmission and distribution losses, and other fuel and energy-related activities. 
3
  Emis sions from R&D  processes. 
4 Beginning in fiscal y ear 2021, we’re accounting for scope 2 emissions from the purchase of district heating, 
chilled water, and steam.
5  Beginning in fiscal y ear 2020, we updated our methodology for calculating emissions from employee 
commute to reflect employees working from home during COVID-19. 
6  Impac ts such as upstream emissions for scope 1 fuels and life cycle emissions associated with renewable 
electricity are included.
7  F or a detailed breakdown of carbon offset purchases applied to our corporate footprint, see the carbon 
offsets table on the following page.
8  We retired 471,400 metric tons of carbon credits from the Chyulu Hills project in Kenya and Guinan project 
in the Guizhou Province of China to maintain carbon neutrality for our corporate emissions in fiscal year 
2023. These projects are certified to the VCS and CCB standards.
9
  W e retired 324, 100 metric tons of carbon credits from the Alto Mayo project in Peru and Chyulu Hills project 
in Kenya to maintain carbon neutrality for our corporate emissions in fiscal year 2022. These projects are 
certified to the VCS and CCB standards.
10
  W e retired 167, 000 metric tons of carbon credits from the Chyulu Hills project in Kenya to maintain 
carbon neutrality for our corporate emissions in fiscal year 2021. This project is certified to the VCS and 
CCB standards.
11
  W e retired 70, 000 metrics tons of carbon credits — 53,000 from the Chyulu Hills project in Kenya and 
17,000 from the Cispatá Mangrove project in Colombia.
12  Because w e’re committed to accuracy and transparency, we regularly refine our product life cycle 
assessment model and sources of data.
13  F or fiscal year 2021, we retired credits from the Chyulu Hills project in Kenya and purchased carbon credits 
from two additional projects to offset a total of 500,000 metric tons of direct emissions across our value 
chain. The first project, a REDD+ coastal conservation project in Guatemala, protects and conserves forests 
from deforestation and degradation. The second project aims to establish forests on about 46,000 hectares 
of barren land that isn’t otherwise in use across seven counties in the Guizhou province of China. Both 
projects are certified to the same high standards that we require for projects in the Restore Fund, including 
VCS and CCB standards.
14
  Due t o rounding, our gross and net carbon footprints do not always equal the sum of the subtotals 
disclosed above.
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Data
High-quality carbon credits
Project name Project description Vintage Volume retired 
(metric tons CO2e)
Registry link
AF Forestal Apepu 
Expansion
Forestal Apepu S.A. is a company established in 2019 by an international forestry fund to conduct sustainable reforestation in Eastern 
Paraguay. The aim of the company is the sequestration of carbon and the production of quality timber in a highly deforested landscape. 
Forestal Apepu purchased two contiguous properties of 2658 ha in the Department of San Pedro. As most private properties in the 
region, the land was deforested decades ago and then used for agriculture and beef production. Through fast growing eucalypt 
plantations, trials of plantations with native species, and the strict protection of the remaining natural forest, Forestal Apepu aims at 
restoring forest cover. The company may expand even further in the future, upon identification of potential expansion areas in the region.
2021 73,093* https://registry.verra.org/app/projectDetail/VCS/2369
Arbaro Forestal San Pedro The VCS grouped project “Afforestation in cooperation with local landowners for Forestal San Pedro S.A.” represents one of the first 
major afforestation projects of the private sector in Paraguay. Forestal San Pedro is a company established in 2019 by an international 
forestry Fund. The company aims to establish and manage an area of 8000 ha of sustainable forest plantations for the sequestration 
of carbon and the production of quality timber in Eastern Paraguay. Forestal San Pedro seeks to cooperate with local medium and large 
landowners to conduct tree planting on their properties. As a diversification strategy, plantations are largely established in silvopastoral 
systems on traditional cattle farms. Landowners lease their land to the company and get a share of the expected benefits. At the same 
time, they continue using the land for cattle grazing in a manner compatible with forestry. The expansion strategy provides an entry 
point for tree planting in the degraded and deforested landscape of Eastern Paraguay, dominated by cattle grazing and mechanized soy 
production. Despite the need to develop new models that can address environmental degradation and climate change, while at the same 
time offering a sustainable supply to the national wood and timber market, the tree component is still far from integrated into the regional 
productive landscape. T arget production areas encompass areas deforested decades ago that have been used for implanted pastures 
and mechanized soy, but are now degraded.
2019, 2020, 
2021, 2022
78,507* https://registry.verra.org/app/projectDetail/VCS/2361
Chyulu Hills The Chyulu Hills REDD+ Project (CHRP) is a multi-partner initiative designed to promote climate change mitigation and adaptation, 
restore biodiversity, and create alternative livelihoods under the UN scheme of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest 
Degradation (REDD+). It’s located in the Tsavo-Amboseli ecosystem in southeastern Kenya and stretches over an area of over 410,000 
hectares. Its main geographic feature is the volcanic Chyulu Hills mountain range, from which the project derives its name. This project 
presents a broad ecosystem approach, including REDD+, to provide long-term sustainable financing and management to maintain the 
ecological integrity of an iconic African landscape. The project will help protect a very high-value wildlife and biodiversity area while 
supporting the development needs of Indigenous and other local communities.
2020 385,000 https://registry.verra.org/app/projectDetail/VCS/1408
Guinan The Guinan Afforestation Project is located in the Guizhou Province of China and contributes to carbon removal and local sustainable 
development by planting trees on the barren lands. The project is planting across 46,000 ha on barren hills and degraded lands. The 
project activity aims to enhance biodiversity conservation by increasing the connectivity of forests, improve soil and water conservation, 
and generate income and job opportunities for local communities.
2019 100,500 https://registry.verra.org/app/projectDetail/VCS/2070
Guyana REDD+ Guyana’s Jurisdictional Forest Carbon Credit Program generates REDD+ carbon credits at a nationwide scale within the Amazon basin 
of South America, a critical watershed and hotspot of biodiversity. ART has issued 33.47 million TREES credits to Guyana for the five-
year period from 2016 to 2020, which are available to buyers on the global carbon market for use toward voluntary corporate climate 
commitments. The jurisdictional program includes all 18 million hectares of forest in Guyana — about 85 percent of the landmass — and 
enables the country to benefit from its historically low deforestation rate, while funding low-carbon development priorities.
2019 100,000 https://art.apx.com/mymodule/reg/accview.asp?id1=1017
 
*  This figure accounts for carbon credits applied to both 
product and corporate emissions for 2024. 
We retired the following high-quality carbon credits toward our corporate and product emissions footprint for 2024.
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Data
Carbon footprint by product
Storage configurations
iPhone Unit 128GB 256GB 512GB 1TB
iPhone 16 kg CO2e 56 61 74 –
iPhone 16 Plus kg CO2e 60 64 77 –
iPhone 16 Pro kg CO2e 66 72 84 95
iPhone 16 Pro Max kg CO2e – 74 86 97
iPhone 16e kg CO2e 48 52 62 –
iPhone 15 kg CO2e 56 61 74 –
iPhone 15 Plus kg CO2e 61 66 79 –
Storage configurations
iPad Unit 128GB 256GB 512GB 1TB
iPad Pro 13-inch (M4) Wi-Fi + Cellular kg CO2e – 107 120 –
iPad Pro 11-inch (M4) Wi-Fi + Cellular kg CO2e – 93 107 –
iPad Air 13-inch (M3) Wi-Fi + Cellular kg CO2e 89 95 108 114
iPad Air 11-inch (M3) Wi-Fi + Cellular kg CO2e 76 83 96 –
iPad (A16) Wi-Fi + Cellular kg CO2e 74 77 86 –
iPad mini (A17 Pro) Wi-Fi + Cellular kg CO2e 65 71 – –
Select product configurations
Apple Watch2 Unit
Aluminum case 
with Sport Loop
Titanium case with 
Sport Loop
Aluminum case 
with Milanese Loop
Titanium case with 
Milanese Loop
Titanium case with 
Alpine Loop
Titanium case with 
Trail Loop
Titanium case with 
Titanium Milanese 
Loop
Apple Watch Ultra 2, carbon neutral kg CO2e – – – – (12) (11) (11)
Apple Watch Series 10, carbon neutral kg CO2e (8) (8) (8) (8) – – –
Apple Watch SE, carbon neutral kg CO2e (7) – (8) – – – –
Note: Dashes indicate that the configuration does 
not exist.
1  Product carbon footprint data for Apple products 
are published in our Product Environmental Reports 
and are accurate as of product launch. In instances 
where carbon models were developed prior to product 
launch, we use preproduction units.
2  Greenhouse gas emissions prior to applied high-
quality carbon credits are represented in parenthesis. 
The following tables list the carbon footprints (in kilograms) of Apple products sold as of March 9, 2025, along with select configurations.1 
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Storage configurations
Laptops Unit 256GB 512GB 1TB
16-inch MacBook Pro (2024), Apple M4 Pro chip kg CO2e – 279 –
16-inch MacBook Pro (2024), Apple M4 Max chip kg CO2e – – 303
15-inch MacBook Air (2025), Apple M4 chip kg CO2e 147 155 –
14-inch MacBook Pro (2024), Apple M4 chip kg CO2e – 198 –
14-inch MacBook Pro (2024), Apple M4 Pro chip kg CO2e – 218 –
14-inch MacBook Pro (2024), Apple M4 Max chip kg CO2e – – 248
13-inch MacBook Air (2025), Apple M4 chip kg CO2e 120 128 –
Displays Unit
Studio Display (2022) kg CO2e 544
Pro Display XDR with Pro Stand kg CO2e 974
HomePod Unit
HomePod (2nd generation) kg CO2e 92
HomePod mini kg CO2e 42
Apple Vision Pro Unit
Apple Vision Pro kg CO2e 335
Storage configurations
Apple TV Unit 64GB 128GB
Apple TV 4K, Wi-Fi kg CO2e 43 –
Apple TV 4K, Wi-Fi + Ethernet kg CO2e – 46
Storage configurations
Desktops3 Unit 256GB 512GB 1TB 4TB 8TB
iMac, Two ports kg CO2e 346 – – – –
iMac, Four ports kg CO2e – 391 – – –
Mac mini (2024), Apple M4 Pro chip, carbon neutral kg CO2e – (50) – – (121)
Mac mini (2024), Apple M4 chip, carbon neutral kg CO2e (32) (35) – – –
Mac Studio (2025), Apple M4 Max chip kg CO2e – 276 – – –
Mac Studio (2025), Apple M3 Ultra chip kg CO2e – – 382 – –
Mac Pro (2023) kg CO2e – – 1,572 – –
3  Refer to footnote 2.
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Data
Energy
Unit 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020
Corporate facilities
energy 
Electricity
Total MWh 3,777 ,000 3,487 ,000 3,199,000 2,854,000 2,580,000
U.S. MWh 3,000,000 2,830,000 2,614,000 2,377,000 2,192,000
International MWh 777,000 657,000 585,000 477,000 389,000
Fuel
Total MWh 591,770 662,950 334,250 467 ,280 439,170
Natural gas MWh 307,390 312,490 188,630 203,010 202,360
Biogas MWh 183,330 218,780 76,280 208,620 210,820
Propane liquid MWh 1,760 1,030 1,830 40 140
Gasoline MWh 45,140 50,760 38,790 34,880 14,910
Diesel (other) MWh 36,150 57,030 15,610 9,780 9,610
Diesel (mobile combustion) MWh 18,000 22,860 13,120 10,950 1,330
Other
Steam, heating, and cooling1 MWh 18,130 45,370 19,800 22,480 0
Energy efficiency Corporate facilities2
Electricity savings MWh/year 298,358 290,079 223,942 215,264 215,263
Fuel savings MMBtu/year 124,034 113,686 110,309 136,803 136,825
Supplier facilities3
Electricity savings MWh/year 2,469,991,170 2,040,000,000 1,620,425,230 1,418,825,350 1,101,440
Fuel savings MMBtu/year 2,361,730 2,281,059 2,038,930 1,047,440 752,680
Renewable electricity Corporate facilities
Renewable electricity used MWh 3,777,000 3,489,000 3,199,000 2,854,000 2,580,000
Renewable electricity percentage4 % of total energy 100 100 100 100 100
Scope 2 emissions avoided metric tons CO2e 1,213,600 1,144,000 1,201,000 1,063,720 948,000
Supply chain5
Renewable electricity capacity (operational) GW 18.9 16.5 13.7 10.3 4.5
Renewable electricity capacity (committed) GW -6 20.0 6.8 15.9 7.9
Renewable electricity used MWh 31,300,000 25,500,000 23,700,000 18,100,000 11,400,000
1  Beginning in fiscal year 2021, we’re accounting for the 
purchase of district heating, chilled water, and steam.
2  Because energy efficiency measures have lasting 
benefits, energy efficiency savings are calculated 
cumulatively since 2012. All efficiency measures 
are retired based on their effective useful lifetime as 
documented by the California Energy Commission.
3  Energy savings from supplier energy efficiency 
improvements are reported as annualized numbers. 
Beginning in 2020, supplier energy savings are 
calculated based on the fiscal year instead of on a 
calendar-year basis.
4  Beginning January 1, 2018, 100 percent of the 
electricity we use to power our global facilities is 
sourced from renewable energy.
5  Supply chain renewable electricity capacity 
(operational) and renewable electricity use for fiscal 
year 2021 do not include REC purchases Apple made, 
equivalent to 0.3 GW and 500,000 MWh, respectively, 
to address a small increase to its carbon footprint.
6  In an effort to rapidly scale and accelerate progress to 
Apple 2030, the Apple Supplier Code of Conduct now 
requires our entire direct manufacturing supply chain 
to use 100 percent renewable electricity for all Apple 
production before 2030.
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Data
Resources
Fiscal year
Unit 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020
Water Corporate facilities
Total million gallons 1,756 1,610 1,527 1,407 1,287
Freshwater1 million gallons 1,532 1,411 1,380 1,259 1,168
Recycled water2 million gallons 197 151 142 141 113
Other alternative sources3 million gallons 27 48 5 7 5
Supply chain
Freshwater saved million gallons 14,000 12,700 13,000 12,300 10,800
Waste Corporate facilities
Landfill diversion rate % 70 74 71 68 70
Landfilled (municipal solid waste) pounds 41,401,830 38,343,490 33,260,990 33,202,200 25,826,550
Recycled pounds 81,025,310 81,781,660 78,618,250 73,489,220 63,812,300
Composted pounds 9,003,000 14,803,510 8,726,170 4,844,960 6,302,410
Hazardous waste pounds 2,148,950 7,321,130 2,780,610 3,525,840 4,053,770
Waste to energy pounds 2,537,960 5,713,790 1,197,570 657,890 786,250
Supply chain
Waste diverted from landfill metric tons 600,000 497 ,000 523,000 419,000 400,000
Product packaging 
footprint
Packaging
Total packaging4 metric tons 241,800 254,274 276,100 257 ,000 226,000
Recycled fiber % of total 60 62 66 63 60
Responsibly sourced virgin fiber5 % of total 39 35 30 33 35
Plastic % of total ~1 3 4 4 6
1  We define freshwater as water that is drinking-water 
quality. The majority of our freshwater comes from 
municipal sources, and less than 5 percent comes 
from onsite groundwater sources.
2  Recycled water represents a key alternative water 
source. Our recycled water is sourced primarily from 
municipal treatment plants, with less than 5 percent 
coming from onsite treatment. Recycled water is 
primarily used for irrigation, makeup water in cooling, 
and toilet flushing.
3  Other alternative sources of water include rainwater 
and recovered condensate captured onsite. Water 
used for construction activities like dust control is not 
included in this total and represents 19 million gallons 
of water used in fiscal year 2024. Beginning with our 
fiscal year 2023 water footprint, we began allocating 
our Prineville data center water use, which comes 
from an Aquifer Storage and Recovery system, to 
alternative sources to better represent the impact of 
our water use.
4  Beginning in fiscal year 2022, we expanded our 
packaging goal boundary to better reflect our 
impact to include retail bags, all finished goods 
boxes (including plastic content in labels and in-box 
documentation), packaging sent to our customers 
as part of Apple Trade In, AppleCare packaging for 
whole units and service modules (with the exception 
of plastics needed to protect items from electrostatic 
discharge), and secondary packaging of Apple 
products and accessories sold by Apple. Our goal 
boundary does not include the inks, coatings, or 
adhesives used in our packaging In addition to our 
packaging footprint.
5  Responsible sourcing of wood fiber is defined in 
Apple’s Sustainable Fiber Specification. Since 2017, all 
the virgin wood fiber used in our packaging has come 
from responsible sources.
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Data
Normalizing factors*
Fiscal year
2024 2023 2022 2021 2020
Net sales (in millions, US$) 391,035 383,285 394,328 365,817 274,515
Number of full-time equivalent employees 164,000 161,000 164,000 154,000 147,000
* As reported in Apple’s Form 10-K Annual Report filed 
with the SEC.
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Green Bond 
Impact Report
Fiscal Year 2024 Update
In this section
Apple’s green bonds
Cumulative allocation: 2019 Green Bond
Featured projects
Sustainalytics Annual Review
Ernst & Young LLP Use of Proceeds Examination
89
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Apple’s green bonds
Apple is committed to leaving the world better 
than we found it, and that commitment is 
considered in everything we do — from how 
we design our products to the processes we 
use to make and recycle them.
We have long sought to model how businesses can lead in driving 
the reduction of global carbon emissions to address climate 
change, and our green bonds have helped Apple to demonstrate 
that leadership. Since the 2015 United Nations Climate Change 
Conference (COP21) in Paris, Apple has issued and invested 
proceeds from three green bonds to support global efforts to reduce 
carbon emissions. We issued our first $1.5 billion green bond in 
February 2016 and our second $1 billion green bond in June 2017 
to help advance projects to mitigate our impact on climate change 
and inspire others to do the same. Both of these green bonds are 
fully allocated.
In November 2019, we proceeded with our third green bond 
issuance, and our first in Europe — raising €2 billion (approximately 
$2.2 billion) across two tranches (the “2019 Green Bond”). The 
2019 Green Bond supports environmental efforts across the 
company, as well as our ambitious goal to reach carbon neutrality 
across Apple’s entire carbon footprint, including the full product life 
cycle, by 2030.1 We first aim to leverage low-carbon product design, 
energy efficiency, clean electricity, and direct emissions abatement 
to reduce emissions by 75 percent by 2030, compared with our 
fiscal year 2015 carbon footprint. We then plan to address residual 
emissions by investing in high-quality carbon removal projects.
This year’s annual impact report covers the cumulative allocation of 
Apple’s 2019 Green Bond proceeds to environmental projects that 
incurred spend between September 29, 2019, and September 28, 
2024 — Apple’s 2020 through 2024 fiscal years.
Process for selecting projects and 
quantifying benefits 
The 2019 Green Bond proceeds are intended to prioritize projects 
that mitigate our carbon emissions, including supporting the 
execution of our Apple 2030 roadmap. Our Environment, Policy 
and Social Initiatives team leads an annual evaluation and project 
selection process to identify projects eligible for green bond 
proceeds. The final allocation of net proceeds to eligible projects 
is determined by our vice president of Environment, Policy and 
Social Initiatives, based on each project’s alignment with the 2019 
Green Bond eligibility criteria: low-carbon design and engineering, 
energy efficiency, renewable energy, carbon mitigation, and 
carbon sequestration.2
Apple allocated proceeds to a variety of project types across the 
eligible categories, including operational projects with immediate 
direct carbon benefits, capacity-building projects that enable 
suppliers to achieve carbon emissions reductions, and research and 
development that will unlock future carbon reductions once scaled.
For many projects, we’re able to quantify a direct carbon benefit. 
When this is possible, we calculate the carbon impact over the 
project’s lifetime by estimating the annual carbon emissions 
reductions or removals of each project3 and multiplying it by the 
project’s expected lifetime based on the underlying contracts.
We’re also quantifying the new renewable energy capacity we’re 
adding to the grid through the projects to which we’ve allocated 
green bond proceeds based on the terms of our agreements with 
project developers.
1 We plan to reach carbon neutrality beginning with our 
fiscal year 2030 carbon footprint.
2 Across our other environmental reporting, we also 
use the term “direct emissions” and “emissions 
abatement” for “carbon mitigation” and “carbon 
removal” for “carbon sequestration.”
3  Notes on Projected Environmental Benefits: 
• We estimated future environmental benefits of 
projects that are not yet fully operational, including 
carbon emissions avoided or removed, energy 
capacity, and annual renewable energy generation. 
To estimate carbon emissions avoided for renewable 
energy projects and renewable energy certificates 
(RECs), we use regional grid emissions factors as 
well as projections for annual electricity generation 
or the MWh associated with RECs. For the Restore 
Fund, we estimated the total carbon removal 
potential over the lifetime of the projects. There 
is inherent uncertainty in all of these projections. 
There is currently no generally accepted accounting 
principle to measure or account for many of these 
metrics, and our measurement methodologies 
may change. Projects dedicated to research and 
development or capacity building are not quantified, 
as their carbon benefit — which we believe is often 
sizable — is indirect and may take place across 
Apple’s global supply chain. 
• Proceeds from Apple’s 2019 Green Bond were 
allocated to new and ongoing projects. For ongoing, 
multiyear projects, we included the spend that 
occurred during the fiscal year allocation period and 
the estimated environmental benefits of the entire 
completed project.
• Starting in fiscal year 2022, we changed our 
methodology for quantifying the benefits of eligible 
projects to a project lifetime calculation. We believe 
a lifetime calculation to be a better method of 
quantifying the impact of these projects compared 
to the prior calculation methodology that entailed 
estimating annual emissions reductions, as our 
projects range from 1 to 25 years — well beyond 
the maturity of the 2019 Green Bond and related 
impact reporting.
Issuance
$4.7 billion
Since February 2016, Apple has issued a total 
of $4.7 billion in green bonds.
32+21+47+m
Feb 2016
$1.5B
Jun 2017
$1B
Nov 2019
~$2.2B
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76+10+12+1+1+m
Cumulative allocation: 2019 Green Bond 
Allocation by eligibility category4
4  The green bond allocations do not capture financial 
returns from project investments. As a result, the 
information provided does not capture a full view of the 
net abatement costs to Apple.
5  Across our other environmental reporting, we also use 
the term “direct emissions” for “carbon mitigation” and 
“carbon removal” for “carbon sequestration.”
6  Refer to footnote 5.
7  Renewable energy spend includes equity investments, 
long-term contracts like power purchase agreements 
(PPAs) and virtual power purchase agreements 
(vPPAs), as well as some renewable energy credits, 
and long-term environmental attribute purchase 
agreements. For PPAs/vPPAs, the allocated amount is 
calculated as the net present value of future cash flows 
based on estimated annual production in megawatts 
and power price over the contract term. Because of 
this allocation methodology, the financial allocations 
to the 2019 Green Bond use of proceeds may not 
proportionally match the carbon contributions that we 
expect from each category of Apple’s 2030 roadmap.
8  The “project count” represents projects or groups 
of projects comprised of similar project types within 
the eligibility criteria that Apple funds and tracks 
in aggregate.
9  A number of projects to which green bond proceeds 
were allocated since issuance are dedicated to 
research and development, capacity building, and 
policy advocacy. These types of projects have 
an indirect carbon benefit and therefore are not 
reflected in the projected environmental benefits 
quantified above.
10  We calculate greenhouse gas emissions mitigated or 
offset using the projected lifetime benefits of eligible 
projects from cumulative allocations for the period 
from fiscal year 2020 to fiscal year 2024. Project 
lifetimes range from 1 to 25 years. This number 
includes 7.3 million metric tons of CO2e emissions 
mitigated or offset that were previously inadvertently 
not reported under the project lifetime calculation.
11  This number represents PPAs and vPPAs where 
Apple is the sole investor, and obtains environmental 
attributes that are applied to our corporate carbon 
footprint. Apple’s investments also support capacity 
from which we do not directly obtain environmental 
attributes. We also co-invest with other partners. The 
capacity from both of these kinds of investments are 
not included in the number above. Apple’s combined 
investments, including those made with partners, have 
resulted in over 2200 MW installed renewable energy 
capacity from fiscal year 2020.
12%
Carbon sequestration5
$126.7M
10%
Low-carbon design
$109.8M
1%
Carbon mitigation6
$9.3M
1%
Energy efficiency
$7 .5M
76%
Renewable energy7
$810.3M
Allocation and budget
74
projects8
$1.1B
approximately 49% allocated
Projected environmental 
benefits9
33.4M
metric tons of CO2e emissions 
to be mitigated or offset over the 
lifetime of the project10
707MW
installed renewable energy capacity11
Fiscal year 2024 update
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Featured projects
In fiscal year 2024, we continued to expand the projects that 
support our Apple 2030 roadmap, with investments in R&D, 
renewable energy, and other environmental initiatives. What follows 
are select examples of the projects to which Apple allocated green 
bond funds in fiscal year 2024. In addition to continuing to fund our 
long-term environmental initiatives, we introduced four new projects 
in fiscal year 2024, the majority of our spend remained allocated to 
continuing long-term environmental initiatives necessary to reach 
our carbon neutrality goal. The complete list of projects with detailed 
descriptions and key performance indicators was provided to 
Sustainalytics for their second-party review (see the Sustainalytics 
Annual Review section for the review statement).
Eligibility criteria Project type Project description
Renewable energy Clean energy for product use To meet our Apple 2030 goal, we aim to generate enough clean energy to match the annual electricity consumption 
of our products used by customers. Our efforts include large-scale investments in new renewable energy in markets 
globally, and in fiscal year 2024, we’ve allocated green bond proceeds to invest in solar projects in the U.S. This is 
part of a broader effort to minimize emissions from product use. To learn more, read the Product use section of our 
Environmental Progress Report.
Supplier Clean Energy Program Our Supplier Clean Energy Program is aimed at enabling suppliers’ transition to clean, renewable electricity through 
levers such as policy advocacy, information about renewable energy procurement options, data insights, and 
engagement opportunities with renewable energy experts. In fiscal year 2024, we continued to allocate green bond 
proceeds to our Supplier Clean Energy Program. To learn more about our program progress, read the Transitioning our 
suppliers to renewable electricity section of our Environmental Progress Report.
Energy efficiency Supplier Energy Efficiency Program The Supplier Energy Efficiency Program, launched in 2015, aims to help our suppliers optimize energy use in their 
facilities by focusing on approaches to reduce energy use and avoid energy waste. We provide technical and 
planning support to suppliers as they build more energy-efficient systems by helping them recognize optimization 
opportunities and identify solutions through assessments and audits. In fiscal year 2024, we continued to allocate 
proceeds to our Supplier Energy Efficiency Program. To learn more about our program progress, read the Improving 
energy efficiency in our supply chain section of our Environmental Progress Report.
Low-carbon design Recycled materials The use of recycled materials is central to our goal of one day making our products solely from responsibly sourced 
recycled or renewable materials. Incorporating recovered materials into our design process has already helped us 
lower the carbon footprint of the products we create. But to maximize the use of recycled content, additional research 
and development is needed. In fiscal year 2024, we continued to allocate green bond proceeds to further investigate 
ways to address challenges in improving the purity of recovered materials so they can be reused in Apple products 
instead of being downcycled. To learn more about our work in low-carbon design, read the Design and materials 
section of our Environmental Progress Report.
Carbon mitigation Direct emissions abatement One of the largest contributors of direct emissions in our supply chain is the use of fluorinated greenhouse gases 
(F-GHGs), which have a higher global warming potential (GWP) than CO2 and are notably used in the electronics 
manufacturing of semiconductors and flat-panel displays. We’ve continued to allocate green bond proceeds to 
support our close collaboration with our supply chain partners as they work to prevent F-GHGs from being released 
into the atmosphere. While the use of F-GHGs in certain manufacturing processes today is difficult to avoid, 
emissions can be reduced by switching to alternative low-GWP gases, optimizing production processes to use and 
emit fewer F-GHGs, and installing gas abatement tools. To learn more about our work, read the Direct GHG emissions 
section of our Environmental Progress Report.
Carbon sequestration Nature-based solutions To reach our goal of carbon neutrality for our entire carbon footprint by 2030, in fiscal year 2024 we continued to 
allocate green bond proceeds to invest in high-quality carbon removal projects through Apple’s Restore Fund, with 
the aim of addressing the portion of emissions that we’re not yet able to avoid through other methods. To learn more 
about our carbon removals efforts, read the Carbon removal section of our Environmental Progress Report.
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2025 Environmental Progress ReportGreen Bond Impact Report

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Report of Independent Accountants
To the Management of Apple Inc.:
We have examined management’s assertion, in Exhibit A, that $1.1 billion of net proceeds from the 0.000%
notes due 2025 and 0.500% notes due 2031 issued by Apple Inc. (“Apple”) were allocated, during the period
from September 29, 2019 to September 28, 2024 (the “Reporting Period”), to qualifying Eligible Projects that
meet one or more of the Eligibility Criteria (each as defined in the “Use of Proceeds” section of the
Prospectus Supplement dated November 7, 2019, to the Prospectus dated November 5, 2018, filed by Apple
on November 8, 2019, with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2) under the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended). Apple’s management is responsible for the assertion, having a
reasonable basis for its assertion, selection of the Eligibility Criteria and the allocation, during the Reporting
Period, of amounts to Eligible Projects that meet one or more of the Eligibility Criteria. Our responsibility is
to express an opinion on the assertion based on our examination.
Our examination was conducted in accordance with attestation standards established by the American
Institute of Certified Public Accountants (“AICPA”). Those standards require that we plan and perform the
examination to obtain reasonable assurance about whether management’s assertion is fairly stated, in all
material respects. An examination involves performing procedures to obtain evidence about management’s
assertion. The nature, timing, and extent of the procedures selected depend on our judgment, including an
assessment of the risks of material misstatement of management’s assertion, whether due to fraud or error.
We believe that the evidence we obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a reasonable basis for our
opinion.
We are required to be independent of Apple and to meet our other ethical responsibilities, as applicable for
examination engagements set forth in the Preface: Applicable to All Members and Part 1 – Members in Public
Practice of the Code of Professional Conduct established by the AICPA.
Our examination was not conducted for the purpose of evaluating (i) whether funds in excess of the net
proceeds were allocated to Eligible Projects during the Reporting Period, (ii) the amount allocated to each
category of Eligible Projects during the Reporting Period, (iii) that any payments made pursuant to any power
purchase agreements or virtual power purchase agreements to which amounts were allocated during the
Reporting Period were in accordance with such agreements, (iv) the environmental benefits of the Eligible
Projects, (v) conformance of any Eligible Projects with any third-party published principles, standards or
frameworks, such as the Green Bond Principles, dated June 2018, published by the International Capital
Market Association or (vi) any information included in Apple’s Annual Green Bond Impact Report, Fiscal
Year 2024 Update, other than management’s assertion. Accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any
other form of assurance other than on management’s assertion included in Exhibit A.
In our opinion, management’s assertion, included in Exhibit A, that $1.1 billion in net proceeds from the
0.000% notes due 2025 and 0.500% notes due 2031 issued by Apple were allocated during the Reporting
Period to qualifying Eligible Projects that met one or more of the Eligibility Criteria is fairly stated, in all
material respects.
San Jose, California
February 17, 2025

Exhibit A 
Apple Inc. 
Management’s Assertion 
We assert that $1.1 billion of net proceeds were allocated from our issuance of the 0.000% notes 
due 2025 and 0.500% notes due 2031, during the period from September 29, 2019 to September 
28, 2024 (the “Reporting Period”), to qualifying Eligible Projects that meet one or more of the 
Eligibility Criteria (each as defined in the “Use of Proceeds” section of the Prospectus Supplement 
dated November 7, 2019, to the Prospectus dated November 5, 2018, filed by Apple Inc. (“Apple”) 
on November 8, 2019, with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2) 
under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended). The Eligibility Criteria are also set forth in Table 1 
below. Apple’s management is responsible for this assertion, including selection of the Eligibility 
Criteria and the allocation, during the Reporting Period, of amounts to Eligible Projects that meet 
one or more of the Eligibility Criteria. We worked with an outside party, a leading provider of 
second-party opinions for green, social, sustainability and KPI-linked bonds and loans, to provide a 
second party opinion on the Apple Green Bond framework at the time of issuance. We have 
engaged them annually thereafter to review the projects to which net proceeds were allocated and 
provide an assessment as to whether the projects met the Use of Proceeds criteria and the 
reporting commitments outlined in our Green Bond framework. 
Table 1: Eligibility Criteria 
Low carbon design 
and engineering 
expenditures related to the development or procurement of less carbon-
intensive products and materials (compared to an established “pre-
activity” baseline), such as improving product power usage efficiency, 
using materials produced from manufacturing processes requiring 
lesser greenhouse gas emissions, or sourcing materials with recycled 
or renewable content, 
Energy efficiency expenditures related to the development of energy efficiency projects 
intended to reduce emissions in new or existing corporate and supply 
chain facilities, such as sensors and controls, energy management 
systems, and facility design, commissioning, and retrofits, 
Renewable energy building on our successful transition to 100% renewable electricity at 
our facilities, expenditures related to the development of renewable 
energy projects intended to reduce emissions in our corporate facilities 
and supply chain, such as solar and wind projects, or associated 
energy storage solutions, including work to advance market structures, 
regulations and policy that support renewable energy through coalition 
and capacity building, 
Carbon mitigation expenditures related to the development of projects intended to reduce 
direct and process emissions (compared to an established “pre-activity” 
baseline) from Apple’s and our supplier’s operations, such as abating 
direct emissions from manufacturing or sourcing non-fossil low carbon 
fuels, and 
Carbon sequestration expenditures related to the development of projects that sequester 
carbon, such as habitat restoration and conservation. 
Note 1: Apple Inc. or its subsidiaries directly invest in Eligible Projects in its own operations or its 
suppliers’ operations. 
Note 2: Proceeds are considered allocated upon the date of commercial operations for power 
purchase agreements or virtual power purchase agreements. The allocated amount is calculated as 
the net present value of future cash flows based on estimated annual production in megawatts and 
power price over the contract term. The determination of the amount to be allocated to the power 
purchase agreements and virtual power purchase agreements involves estimates. Actual results 
could differ from those estimates and those differences may be material. 
Note 3: The net proceeds allocated to carbon sequestration projects include the purchase of 
carbon offsets. 
Ernst & Young LLP
Use of Proceeds Examination
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End notes
This Green Bond Report (the “Report”) contains forward-looking 
statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation 
Reform Act of 1995, that involve risks and uncertainties. Such forward-
looking statements provide current expectations of future events based 
on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly 
relate to any historical or current fact. For example, statements in this 
Report regarding the potential future impact of allocated projects are 
forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can also be 
identified by words such as “future,” “goal,” “anticipates,” “believes,” 
“estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “aims,” “plans,” “predicts,” 
“projected,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “can,” “may,” and similar terms. 
Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance 
and Apple’s actual results may differ significantly from the results 
discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause 
such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the 
“Risk Factors” sections of Apple’s most recently filed periodic reports 
on Form 10-K and Form 10-Q and subsequent filings as filed with the 
Securities and Exchange Commission. Apple assumes no obligation to 
revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except 
as required by law. This Report has been prepared for information 
purposes only. Apple does not make any warranties or representations 
as to the completeness or reliability of the information, opinions or 
conclusions expressed herein. This Report is not intended to provide 
the basis for the evaluation of any securities issued by Apple. This 
Report should not be construed and does not constitute an invitation, 
recommendation or offer to subscribe for or purchase any of Apple’s 
securities. Under no circumstances shall Apple or its affiliates be liable 
for any loss, damage, liability or expense incurred or suffered which is 
claimed to have resulted from use of this Report.
©2025 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Apple and the Apple logo are 
trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.
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Appendix
In this section
A: Corporate facilities energy supplement
B: Apple’s life cycle assessment methodology
C: Assurance and review statements
D: Carbon neutral certificates
E: Environment, Health and Safety Policy
F: ISO 14001 certification
Report notes
End notes
97
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Appendix A
Corporate facilities energy supplement
Use of renewable energy at our facilities has been a central component of our emissions reduction strategy since 2011. 
We’ve learned a lot about how best to secure renewable energy, which has helped us educate suppliers and expand our 
renewable energy efforts into our supply chain. This appendix summarizes the types of renewable energy solutions we’ve 
deployed, and it details how we implement renewable energy at our data centers — our largest energy loads.
Ownership and PURPA: Apple’s 
100 percent equity ownership of 
our Maiden solar arrays was the 
first time a nonenergy commercial 
company built its own utility-scale 
solar PV project. We used a 1978 
federal law called the Public Utility 
Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) 
to structure the project. We then 
applied this same structure to two 
more large solar PV and biogas 
fuel cell projects in North Carolina 
and two microhydro projects in 
Oregon. This was a landmark 
moment in corporate renewable 
energy development and led to 
an increased use of PURPA in 
these states.
Direct Access: In California and 
Oregon, we’ve used a program 
called Direct Access to bypass 
the default electricity generation 
offered by the utilities servicing 
our data centers in those states. 
Instead, we contracted directly 
with independent power producers 
and electricity service providers 
who could supply 100 percent 
renewable electricity. After initially 
buying from existing, third-
party-owned projects, we’re now 
procuring renewable energy from 
projects we created: The Solar Star 
II and Montague Wind projects 
deliver renewables to our Oregon 
data center, and the California Flats 
solar project delivers renewables to 
our data centers, offices, and retail 
stores in California.
GreenEnergy Rider: We opened a 
new data center in Reno, Nevada. 
With no PURPA or Direct Access 
options in Nevada, we worked 
directly with the local utility, NV 
Energy, to create a whole new 
regulatory structure. The Nevada 
GreenEnergy Rider enables us to 
secure a long-term, fixed-price 
contract for renewable electricity 
from a new solar PV project built 
for us but managed by the utility. 
We’ve used this partnership to 
create four solar projects totaling 
320 megawatts.
Equity investment: We invested in 
two 20-megawatt solar PV projects 
in Sichuan, China, to support all our 
in-country retail stores, corporate 
offices, and data storage facilities. 
This project represented the 
first time a commercial company 
created a new large-scale project in 
China for its own use. We’ve since 
replicated this model many times 
for Apple’s supply chain.
Renewable microgrid: We’ve 
been powering Apple Park with 
100 percent renewable energy — 
more than 50 percent of which is 
generated onsite and managed by 
a microgrid. The onsite generation 
comes from 14 megawatts of 
rooftop solar PV and 4 megawatts 
of baseload biogas fuel cells. Any 
additional energy required is drawn 
by Direct Access from the California 
Flats solar project in nearby 
Monterey County. The microgrid 
system with battery storage 
manages the renewable energy 
generation and the building’s 
energy use; optimizes demand 
management, load shifting, and 
frequency regulation services; and 
supports uninterrupted energy 
reliability against local grid outages.
Portfolio solutions: We adapted 
to land scarcity constraints 
in Singapore and Japan by 
contracting for solar PV on 
800 rooftops in Singapore and 
300 in Japan. We adapted our 
approach in each country to fit 
local partnerships and regulatory 
structures: We signed a long-term 
agreement similar to a power 
purchase agreement in Singapore 
and made an equity investment 
in Japan. These projects offer 
us long-term flexibility as our 
load grows.
2011 2012 2013 2014 20172015 & 2016
How we procure renewable energy
Our strategy has evolved over time to create the most positive impact.
2018
100 percent 
renewable 
electricity 
generated or 
sourced for 
our corporate 
operations.
     Achieved
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Facilities renewable energy projects
To reach 100 percent renewable electricity for Apple’s own facilities, 
Apple has helped create 1782 MW of renewable energy around 
the world. The projects listed below represent Apple-created 
renewable energy projects that support Apple facilities’ electricity 
use and contribute to cleaner grids around the world. Operational 
projects apply a mix of renewable energy technology, including 
wind (27 percent), solar (72 percent), microhydro (0.2 percent), and 
biogas fuel cells (0.2 percent). This table represents all operational 
renewable energy projects that Apple has helped create.
Location Renewable energy technology Size (MW)
Australia PV 0.5
Brazil Wind 0.5
China mainland PV 195
China mainland Wind 130
Denmark PV 42
Denmark Wind 17
India PV 16
Israel PV 5
Japan PV 12
Mexico Wind 0.8
Rooftop solar projects PV 5.0
Power for Impact projects PV 7
Singapore PV 54
T aiwan PV 1
Turkey PV 4
Arizona, U.S. PV 62
California, U.S. Biogas fuel cell 4
California, U.S. PV 144
Illinois, U.S. Wind 112
Nevada, U.S. PV 320
North Carolina, U.S. PV 164
Oregon, U.S. Microhydro 3
Oregon, U.S. PV 125
Oregon, U.S. Wind 200
Texas, U.S. Wind 25
Virginia, U.S. PV 134
Total 1,782
Dash indicates unavailable data.
N/A = Gas use at colocation facilities is considered outside of Apple’s 
operational control.
1 Scope 2 market-based emissions from purchased electricity is zero. 
But, we also account for purchased steam, heating, and cooling, 
which resulted in 3300 metric tons of emissions in fiscal year 2024. 
2 Starting with fiscal year 2023, we no longer include the Newark, CA, 
data center as it was sold in fiscal year 2022.
Fiscal year 2024 energy and carbon 
footprint (corporate facilities)
The table below provides a detailed breakdown of 2024 energy use, 
which we used to calculate our greenhouse gas emissions.
Location
Scope 1 x Scope 2
Total gas
(MMBtu)
Renewable
biogas (MMBtu)
Scope 1 emissions 
(metric tons CO2e)
Electricity
(million kWh)
Renewable 
electricity (million 
kWh)
Scope 2 emissions 
(market-based, 
metric tons CO2e)1
Corporate 354,028 625,053 55,200 1,055 1,055 278,108
Cupertino, CA 230,072 220,696 17,982 450 450 26,796
Elk Grove, CA 10,155 0 711 13 13 2,664
Austin, TX 26,690 0 2,621 117 117 45,946
Other U.S. 0 404,357 11,960 118 118 53,748
Cork, Ireland 23,619 0 1,399 17 17 3,039
Singapore 548 0 93 22 22 8,385
China 1,445 0 2,678 53 53 31,289
Other international 61,499 0 17,756 195 195 106,241
Data center 868 0 5,330 2,515 2,515 837 ,859
Maiden, NC 0 0 860 466 466 117,872
Mesa, AZ 203 0 1,410 530 530 187,673
Newark, CA2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Prineville, OR 665 0 1,618 255 255 72,027
Reno, NV 0 0 1,442 454 454 155,434
Viborg, Denmark - - - 59 59 34,570
Colocation facilities (U.S.) - - - 422 422 93,538
Colocation facilities (international) - - - 105 105 45,897
China - - - 214 214 126,775
Retail stores 58,452 0 3,180 206 206 80,105
Domestic (U.S.) 31,388 0 1,667 95 95 29,466
International 27,064 0 1,513 111 111 50,639
Total 413,348 625,053 63,710 3,776 3,776 1,196,072
Note: Data current as of February 2025 (operational). Totals might not add up due to rounding. 
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Maiden, North Carolina
100 percent renewable since opening June 2010
Between 2011 and 2015, we installed 68 megawatts of Apple-
created projects: two 20-megawatt solar projects, an 18-megawatt 
solar project, and 10 megawatts of biogas fuel cells. We then worked 
with the local utility, Duke Energy, to help build five solar projects 
through its Green Source Rider program. These solar projects 
came online beginning in 2015 and were Duke Energy’s first Green 
Source Rider projects to become operational. We worked with Duke 
Energy for several years to develop this green energy tariff option, 
which allowed Apple and Duke Energy to develop new renewable 
energy projects. The five Green Source Rider projects have a 
combined capacity of 22 megawatts. In 2017, we made long-term 
commitments to five more solar projects in North Carolina, for an 
additional 85 megawatts of renewable energy.
The energy efficiency measures we’ve implemented at our Maiden 
data centers include use of outside air cooling through a waterside 
economizer during night and cool-weather hours, which, along with 
water storage, allows the chillers to be idle 75 percent of the time.
Maiden, North Carolina: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy  
Electricity use in 2024: 466 million kWh 
Emissions avoided in 2024: 117,800 million MT CO2e4
Default grid mix % x Apple actual renewable 
energy allocation %
Gas 41 Apple’s solar projects 68
Nuclear 38 Apple’s wind projects 32
Coal 9 Source: 2024 energy data. 
Renewable 9
Hydro 3
Source: eGRID 2022.
Prineville, Oregon
100 percent renewable since opening May 2012
To support our Prineville data center, we signed a 200-megawatt 
power purchase agreement for a new Oregon wind farm, the 
Montague Wind Power Facility, which entered commercial operation 
at the end of 2019.
This is in addition to our power purchase agreement for the 
56-megawatt Solar Star Oregon II project located just a few miles 
from our data center. This solar PV project came online and began 
supporting the data center in 2017. To strengthen the connection 
between Apple and these projects, we use Oregon’s Direct Access 
program to supply the renewable energy from these projects directly 
to our data center.
Also supporting the data center are two microhydro projects that 
harness the power of water flowing through local irrigation canals 
that have been operating for over 60 years. To supplement these 
projects, we executed a long-term purchase agreement for all 
environmental attributes from a 69-megawatt portfolio of eight solar 
projects in Oregon.
Our Prineville data center takes advantage of the cool and dry 
climate by cooling its servers with outside air whenever possible. 
Indirect evaporative cooling is enabled when the outside air 
temperature gets too high to cool the servers with outside air alone.
Prineville, Oregon: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy 
Electricity use in 2024: 255 million kWh 
Emissions avoided in 2024: 72,000 million MT CO2e5
Default grid mix % x Apple actual renewable 
energy allocation %
Hydro 43 Apple’s solar projects 43
Gas 40 Apple’s wind projects 56
Renewable 17 Apple’s microhydro projects 1
Source: eGrid 2022. Source: 2024 energy data. 
Mesa, Arizona
100 percent renewable since opening March 20176
Our global command data center in Mesa, Arizona, came online in 
2016. To support this facility, we partnered with the local utility, Salt 
River Project (SRP), to build the 50-megawatt Bonnybrooke solar 
project, which became operational in December 2016.
As the Mesa data center grew, it became apparent that we needed 
additional sources of renewable energy to maintain our 100 percent 
renewable electricity goal.
We began to explore onsite solar options at the data center and 
determined that we could provide valuable shaded parking that 
paid for itself through energy bill reductions while adding to our 
renewable energy portfolio. The resulting PV facility includes five 
elevated parking canopies and three ground-mounted arrays, for a 
total generating capacity of 4.67 MW. The onsite PV system began 
commercial operation in February 2019.
Mesa, Arizona: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy 
Electricity use in 2024: 530 million kWh 
Emissions avoided in 2024: 187,700 million MT CO2e7
Default grid mix % x Apple actual renewable 
energy allocation %
Gas 47 Apple’s solar projects 100
Nuclear 29 Apple’s wind projects 0
Coal 8 Source: 2024 energy data.
Hydro 4
Renewable 12
Source: eGRID 2022.
Note: Total doesn’t add up to 100 percent 
due to rounding. 
A focus on data centers
We now operate eight data centers.3 These 
data centers are spread across North America, 
Europe, and Asia. Each has unique design 
features that conserve energy and reflect 
the climate, as well as other aspects, of 
its location.
In 2024, we used over 2.5 billion kWh of electricity to power our 
data centers and colocation facilities around the world. We’re proud 
that 100 percent of that electricity came from renewable sources 
including solar, wind, biogas fuel cells, and low-impact hydropower. 
To cover our needs, we build our own renewable power projects and 
work with utilities to purchase clean energy from locally obtained 
resources. We’re staying at 100 percent even as Apple’s data center 
capacity continues to grow.
3  Starting with fiscal year 2023, we no longer include the Newark, CA, data center as it 
was sold in fiscal year 2022. In October 2024, we opened our Waukee data center in 
Iowa, bringing our total Apple-owned data center count to eight. We worked with local 
partners, including the City of Waukee and MidAmerican Energy, to source and provide 
wind energy for the site.
4  Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol methodology for calculating 
market-based emissions.
5  Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol methodology for calculating 
market-based emissions.
6 Apple took operational control of the building in October 2015 and converted it to a data 
center that began servicing customers in March 2017.
7  Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol methodology for calculating 
market-based emissions.
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8  Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol 
methodology for calculating market-based emissions.
9  Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol 
methodology for calculating market-based emissions.
10  Emissions avoided are calculated using the GHG Protocol 
methodology for calculating market-based emissions.
Reno, Nevada
100 percent renewable since opening December 2012
In 2013, we created a partnership with the local utility, NV Energy, to 
develop the Fort Churchill Solar project. Apple designed, financed, 
and constructed the project. NV Energy owns and operates the 
facility and directs all the renewable energy it produces to our data 
center. The nearly 20-megawatt Fort Churchill Solar project was 
based on a unique tracker with curved mirrors that concentrate 
sunlight onto photovoltaic cells.
To facilitate further renewable development in Nevada, Apple worked 
with NV Energy and the Public Utility Commission of Nevada to 
create a green energy option open to all commercial customers, 
called the NV GreenEnergy Rider, that does not require the customer 
to fund project development up front. Thanks to this new option, 
in 2015 we announced our second Nevada solar project, the 
50-megawatt Boulder Solar II project. This project came online in 
2017. We‘ve utilized the NV GreenEnergy Rider program to create two 
additional projects: the 200-megawatt Techren II solar project, online 
in 2019, and the 50-megawatt Turquoise Project, online in 2020.
Next was the 50-megawatt Turquoise Nevada project, which came 
online in late 2020. Like in Prineville, our Reno data center takes 
advantage of the mild climate by cooling its servers with outside 
air whenever possible. When the outside air is too warm to cool the 
servers alone, it draws from indirect evaporative cooling.
Reno, Nevada: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy  
Electricity use in 2024: 454 million kWh 
Emissions avoided in 2024: 155,400 million MT CO2e8
Default grid mix % x Apple actual renewable 
energy allocation %
Gas 54 Apple’s solar projects (NV 
GreenEnergy Rider program) 100
Renewable 35 Source: 2024 energy data.
Coal 6
Nuclear 5
Source: eGRID 2022.
Denmark
100 percent renewable energy from the first day of operations
Our data center came online in 2020. The data center’s construction 
phase was powered with 100 percent wind energy from a local 
renewable energy retailer in Denmark. Our Northern Jutland PV 
project achieved commercial operation in late 2019, will meet all 
the data center’s near-term energy needs, and at 42 megawatts, is 
one of Denmark’s largest solar power plants. Our second renewable 
project in Denmark, a 17 megawatt wind project, also came online 
in late 2020. We’ve secured long-term supply contracts with both 
Danish renewable projects, which will scale up as our data center 
loads grow.
The power system design at the data center is based on a resilient 
substation that eliminates the need for backup diesel generators. 
This reduces the carbon footprint of the data center and completely 
eliminates the need for large diesel fuel storage systems and diesel 
engine emissions that would impact the local community.
Denmark: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy  
Electricity use in 2024: 59 million kWh 
Emissions avoided in 2024: 34,500 million MT CO2e9
Default grid mix % Apple actual renewable 
energy allocation %
Renewable 89 Apple’s wind and solar projects100
Hydro — Source: 2024 energy data.
Coal 7
Gas 4
Nuclear —
Other —
Source: Energinet. https://energinet.
dk/data-om-energi/deklarationer-
og-csr/lokationsbaseret-deklaration-
miljodeklaration/.
China
100 percent renewable energy from the first day of operations
To cover the electricity load at our two data centers in China, we 
secured long-term agreements with solar and wind projects in 
China — both operational.
As the data centers further expand, we’ll continue to source 
renewable electricity in-country to support the growth with 
renewable electricity.
China: Grid mix versus Apple-sourced renewable energy 
Electricity use in 2024: 214 million kWh 
Emissions avoided in 2024: 126,800 million MT CO2e10
Default grid mix % x Apple actual renewable 
energy allocation %
Coal 63 Apple’s solar projects 50
Hydro 17 Apple’s wind projects 50
Renewable 11 Source: 2024 energy data.
Nuclear 5
Gas 3
Source: IEA Electricity Information 2022, 
www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-
product/electricity-information.
    
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Our colocation facilities
The majority of our online services are provided by our own 
data centers; however, we also use third-party colocation 
facilities for additional data center capacity. While we don’t 
own these shared facilities and use only a portion of their total 
capacity, we include our portion of their energy use in our 
renewable energy goals.
Starting in January 2018, 100 percent of our power for 
colocation facilities was matched with renewable energy 
generated within the same country or regional grid. As 
our loads grow over time, we’ll continue working with our 
colocation suppliers to match 100 percent of our energy use 
with renewables.
Total energy
use (kWh)
Renewable
energy (kWh)
Default utility emissions 
(metric tons CO2e)11
Apple’s emissions – 
including renewable energy 
(metric tons CO2e)12
Percent renewable
energy (%)13
FY 2012 38,552,300 1,471,680 17,200 16,500 0
FY 2013 79,462,900 46,966,900 31,800 14,500 59
FY 2014 108,659,700 88,553,400 44,300 11,000 81
FY 2015 142,615,000 121,086,100 60,500 12,700 85
FY 2016 145,520,900 143,083,200 66,300 1,600 98
FY 201714 289,195,800 286,378,100 125,600 1,500 99
FY 2018 327,663,800 326,959,700 146,600 400 100
FY 2019 339,047,649 339,047,649 146,400 0 100
FY 2020 372,901,398 372,901,398 153,459 0 100
FY 2021 384,727,076 384,727,076 146,780 0 100
FY 2022 487,921,930 487,921,930 182,700 0 100
FY 2023 483,299,062 483,299,062 186,141 0 100
FY 2024 527,655,650 527,655,650 182,944 0 100Third-party computing
Beyond the use of our own data centers and colocation 
facilities, we also use third-party services to support some 
of our on-demand cloud computing and storage services. As 
of 2023, all the electricity associated with Apple’s load at our 
third-party computing vendors is matched with 100 percent 
clean energy.
Apple Intelligence
Apple Intelligence was developed with the environment 
in mind. When a user makes a request, Apple Intelligence 
analyzes whether it can be processed on device. If it needs 
greater computational capacity, it can draw on Private Cloud 
Compute, our groundbreaking cloud intelligence system design 
specifically for private AI processing. It will send only the data 
that is relevant to the task to be processed on Apple servers at 
our data centers, which run on 100 percent renewable energy. 
When requests are routed to Private Cloud Compute, data is 
not stored or made accessible to Apple, and is only used to 
fulfill the user’s requests.
11  We calculate default utility emissions to provide baseline emissions 
of what our carbon footprint would have been without the use 
of renewable energy. This allows us to demonstrate the savings 
resulting from our renewable energy program.
12  Apple’s greenhouse gas emissions are calculated using the World 
Resources Institute Greenhouse Gas Protocol methodology for 
calculating market-based emissions.
13  We calculate our progress toward our 100 percent renewable 
energy goal on a calendar-year basis, while the numbers reported 
in this table are based on fiscal year. Beginning January 1, 2018, all 
the electricity use at our colocation facilities is from 100 percent 
renewable energy.
14  Over the past few years, we’ve been installing submeters in 
colocation facilities to better track electricity usage. Beginning in 
fiscal year 2016, we started reporting this submetered electricity 
usage. Prior to fiscal year 2016, reported electricity usage was 
conservatively estimated based on maximum contract capacity 
quantities. We’ve updated our fiscal year 2016 colocation facilities 
footprint to more accurately reflect Apple’s operational boundaries. 
Per the GHG Protocol, we’ve removed from our electricity usage and 
scope 2 calculations those emissions associated with colocation 
facility cooling and building operations.
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Appendix B
Apple’s life cycle assessment methodology
When conducting a product life cycle assessment 
(LCA), we calculate greenhouse gas emissions using 
the 100-year time horizon global warming potentials 
(GWP100) from the 2023 IPCC Sixth Assessment 
Report (AR6),1 including biogenic carbon. 
There’s inherent uncertainty in modeling greenhouse 
gas emissions due primarily to data limitations. 
For the top component contributors to Apple’s 
greenhouse gas emissions, Apple develops detailed 
process-based environmental models with Apple-
specific parameters. For the remaining elements of 
Apple’s carbon footprint, we rely on industry average 
data and assumptions.
We continuously improve our abilities to accurately 
calculate our emissions, seeking more detailed data 
and models to reflect the impact of our products as 
new information becomes available.
How Apple conducts our product greenhouse gas life cycle assessment
To model the 
manufacturing phase
We use part-by-part measurements 
of the entire product along with data 
on part production. In some cases 
where part-by-part data is not readily 
available, we also use design-level 
data for size and weight detail. The 
measurements help us determine the 
size and weight of the components 
and materials in the product, while 
data on manufacturing processes 
and yield loss during production 
allows us to account for the impact 
of manufacturing. The LCA includes 
accessories and packaging, as well as 
decreased emissions through Apple’s 
Supplier Clean Energy Program. When 
calculating Apple’s comprehensive 
carbon footprint, we also include 
units that are repaired and replaced 
through AppleCare.
To model transportation
We use data collected on shipments 
of single products and multipack units 
by land, sea, and air. We account 
for transporting materials between 
manufacturing sites; transporting 
products from manufacturing sites to 
regional distribution hubs; transporting 
products from regional distribution 
hubs to individual customers; and 
transporting products from final 
customers to recycling facilities.
To model customer use
Apple assumes an average of three 
years of total energy use for iPhone and 
Apple Watch devices, and an average 
of four years of total energy use for 
iPad, Mac, and other devices including 
Apple Vision Pro and Apple TV. Total 
energy use assumptions are based on 
field performance of historically similar 
products when the devices are showing 
periods of activity. 
Average daily energy use is calculated 
using data from a variety of sources 
including, but not limited to, field 
telemetry from users who opt-in 
to sharing device analytics and 
modeling battery drain from activities 
such as movie and music playback. 
Geographic differences in power grid 
mix is accounted for at a regional level. 
Measurement practices follow Apple’s 
Privacy guidelines/policies, which can 
be found on Apple’s privacy website. 
More information on our product 
energy use is provided in our Product 
Environmental Reports.
To model end of life
We use material composition data on 
our products and estimate the ratio of 
products that are sent to recycling or 
disposal. For products sent to recycling, 
we capture the initial processing by 
the recycler to prepare the product 
for recovery of electronic, metal, 
plastic, and glass material streams. 
Subsequent downstream recycling 
processes are not included, as these 
are considered stages of production 
and not end-of-life processing. For 
products sent to disposal, we capture 
the emissions associated with landfilling 
or incineration of each type of material.
Putting it all together
After we collect data about 
manufacturing, use, transportation, 
and end of life, we combine it with 
detailed greenhouse gas emission 
data. This emission data is based 
on a combination of Apple-specific 
and industry-average data sets for 
material production, manufacturing 
processes, electricity generation, and 
transportation. Renewable energy 
used in the supply chain, initiated by 
suppliers independently or through the 
Apple Supplier Clean Energy Program, 
is also accounted for within the LCA 
model. Combining product-specific 
information with emission data in our 
LCA allows us to compile detailed 
results for greenhouse gas emissions 
as they relate to each product. The 
data and modeling approaches are 
checked for quality and accuracy by 
the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany.
1  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 
2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and 
III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel 
on Climate Change, ed. Hoesung Lee, José Romero, and the Core 
Writing Team (Geneva: IPCC, 2023), 35–115, doi.org/10.59327/
IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.
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INDEPENDENT ASSURANCE STATEMENT 
 
To: The Stakeholders of Apple Inc. 
 
Introduction and objectives of work  
 
Apex Companies, LLC (Apex) was engaged by Apple Inc. (Apple) to conduct an independent assurance of select 
environmental data reported in its 2024 environmental report (the Report). This assurance statement applies to the 
related information included within the scope of work described below. The intended users of the assurance 
statement are the stakeholders of Apple. The overall aim of this process is to provide assurance to Apple’s 
stakeholders on the accuracy, reliability and objectivity of Subject Matter included in the Report.   
This information and its presentation in the Report are the sole responsibility of the management of Apple. Apex 
was not involved in the collection of the information or the drafting of the Report.  
 
Scope of Work  
 
Apple requested Apex to include in its independent review the following (Subject Matter):  
▪ Assurance of select environmental data and information included in  the Report for the fiscal 
year 2024 reporting period  (October 1 , 202 3 through September 30, 202 4), specifically , in 
accordance with Apple’s definitions and World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business 
Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Greenhouse Gas Protocol:  
o Energy: Direct (Million Therms) and Indirect (Million kilowatt hours (mkWh)) 
o Renewable Energy (mkWh) 
o Water Withdrawal (Million Gallons) 
o Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions: Direct Scope 1 emissions by weight, Indirect Scope 2 
emissions by weight , Indirect Scope 3  emissions by weight  (Purchased Goods and 
Services, Fuel and Energy Related Activities, Employee Commute and Business Travel) 
(Metric Tonnes of Carbon Dioxide equivalent) 
o Apple’s Comprehensive Carbon Footprint 
o Waste Quantities and Disposition (Metric Tonnes) 
o Paper Quantities (Metric Tonnes) 
 
Excluded from the scope of our work is any assurance of information relating to: 
▪ Text or other written statements associated with the Report 
▪ Activities outside the defined assurance period  
 
Assessment Standards 
 
Our work was conducted against Apex’s standard procedures and guidelines for external Verification 
of Sustainability Reports, based on current best practice in independent assurance. Apex procedures 
are based on principles and methods described in the Inte rnational Standard on Assurance 
Engagements (ISAE) 3000 Revised, Assurance Engagements Other than Audits or Reviews of 
Historical Financial Information (effective for assurance reports dated on or after Dec. 15, 2015), issued 
by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board and ISO 14064-3: Greenhouse gases -- 
Part 3: Specification with guidance for the validation and verification of greenhouse gas statements. 
 
Methodology  
 
Apex undertook the following activities:  
 
1. Site visits, with associated data review, to Apple facilities in Reno, Nevada and Singapore; 
2. Interviews with relevant personnel of Apple;  
3. Review of internal and external documentary evidence produced by Apple;  
4. Audit of environmental performance data presented in the Report, including a detailed review 
of a sample of data against source data; and 
5. Review of Apple information systems for  collection, aggregation, analysis and internal 
verification and review of environmental data.  
 
  
 
Apex Companies, LLC Page 2 of 6  
The work was planned and carried out to provide reasonable assurance for the following indicators, and 
we believe it provides an appropriate basis for our conclusions:  
• Energy: Direct (Million Therms) and Indirect (Million kilowatt hours (mkWh)) 
• Renewable Energy (mkWh) 
• Water Withdrawal (Million Gallons) 
• Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions: Direct Scope 1 emissions by weight, Indirect 
Scope 2 emissions by weight (Metric Tonnes of Carbon Dioxide equivalent) 
• Paper Quantities (Metric Tonnes) 
The work was planned and carried out to provide limited assurance for the following indicators, and we 
believe it provides an appropriate basis for our conclusions: 
• Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions: Indirect Scope 3 emissions by weight (Purchased 
Goods and Services, Fuel and Energy -Related Activities, Employee Commut ing and 
Business Travel) (Metric Tonnes of Carbon Dioxide equivalent) 
• Apple Comprehensive Carbon Footprint 
• Waste Quantities and Disposition (Metric Tonnes) 
 
 
Our Findings   
 
Apex verified the following indicators for Apple ’s fiscal year 2024 reporting period (October 1, 2023  
through September 30, 2024):  
 
Parameter Quantity Units Boundary / Protocol 
Natural Gas Consumption   1,048,000 Metric million British 
thermal unit 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
Electricity Consumption 3,800 Million kilowatt hours 
(mkWh) 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
Renewable Energy 3,800 Million kilowatt hours 
(mkWh) 
Worldwide / Invoiced 
quantities & self-
generated 
Scope 1 GHG Emissions 55,200 Metric tonnes of carbon 
dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol 
Scope 2 GHG Emissions 
(Location-Based) 1,224,500 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol 
Scope 2 GHG Emissions 
(Market-Based) 3,300 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol 
Scope 3 Transmission 
and Distribution Loses – 
Electricity (Market-Based) 
0 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol Value 
Chain (Scope 3) 
 
  
 
Apex Companies, LLC Page 3 of 6  
Scope 3 GHG Emissions 
– Upstream Fuel and 
Energy-Related Activities  
166,400 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol Value 
Chain (Scope 3) 
Scope 3 GHG Emissions 
– Business Travel 284,500 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol Value 
Chain (Scope 3) 
Scope 3 GHG Emissions 
– Employee Commute 152,700 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol Value 
Chain (Scope 3) 
Scope 3 GHG Emissions 
- Work from Home 
Emissions (Employee 
Commute) (Location-
Based) 
19,800 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol Value 
Chain (Scope 3) 
Scope 3 GHG Emissions 
– Work from Home 
Emissions (Employee 
Commute)  (Market-
Based) 
4,700 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol Value 
Chain (Scope 3) 
Scope 3 GHG Emissions 
- Other Cloud Services 
(Purchased Goods and 
Services) (Location-
Based) 
953,200   
Scope 3 GHG Emissions 
- Other Cloud Services 
(Purchased Goods and 
Services) (Market-Based) 
0 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol Value 
Chain (Scope 3) 
Water Withdrawal 1,800 Million gallons 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
Water Discharge 900 Million gallons 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
Trash Disposed in Landfill 18,800 Metric tonnes 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
Hazardous Waste 
(Regulated waste) 1,200 Metric tonnes 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
Recycled Material 
(Removal by recycling 
contractor) 
36,500 Metric tonnes 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
Composted Material 4,100 Metric tonnes 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
Appendix C
Net comprehensive carbon footprint, facilities energy, 
carbon, waste, paper, and water data (Apex)
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Apex Companies, LLC Page 5 of 6  
6. Net Footprint = Comprehensive Carbon Footprint – Carbon Removals 
 
 
  
 
  
 
Apex Companies, LLC Page 4 of 6  
Waste to Energy 1,000 Metric tonnes 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
C&D Landfilled 5,200 Metric tonnes 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
C&D Recycled 22,500 Metric tonnes 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
Paper Used 1,700 Metric tonnes 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / Apple Internal 
Protocol 
Product end use avoided 
emissions 312,100 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol Value 
Chain (Scope 3) 
 
Comprehensive Carbon Footprint (Market Based) 
Corporate GHG 
Emissions (Market-
Based)1 
666,800 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol  
Product Use2 4,367,900 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol 
 
Manufacturing3 8,204,100 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol 
 
Product Transportation4 1,950,000 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol 
 
Recycling4 70,000 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol 
 
Comprehensive Carbon 
Footprint5 15,258,000 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol 
 
 
Parameter Quantity Units Boundary / Protocol 
Carbon Removals 737,100 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol Value 
Chain  
Net Footprint6 14,500,000 tCO2e 
Worldwide occupied 
properties / WRI/WBCSD 
GHG Protocol Value 
Chain  
 
1. Corporate GHG Emissions = Scope 1 GHG Emissions + Scope 2 (Market-Based) GHG Emissions + Scope 3 GHG Emissions 
2. Product Use emissions (4.68 million metric tonnes) verified by a non-Apex third-party provider contracted to Apple. Apex verified 
0.31 million metric tonnes emissions reduction. 
3. Manufacturing emissions ( 29.03 million metric tonnes) verified by a non-Apex third-party provider  contracted to Apple . Apex 
verified 20.83 million metric tonnes emissions reduction. 
4. Not verified by Apex. Verified by a non-Apex third-party provider contracted to Apple. 
5. Comprehensive Carbon Footprint = Corporate GHG Emissions + Product Use + Manufacturing + Transportation + Recycling 
 
  
 
Apex Companies, LLC Page 6 of 6  
Our Conclusion 
 
Based on the assurance process and procedures conducted regarding the Subject Matter, we conclude 
that:  
• The Energy, Water, Paper, and Scope 1 , Scope 2, Scope 3 (Business Travel & Employee 
Commute) GHG Emissions assertions show n above ar e materially correct and are a fair 
representation of the data and information; 
• There is no evidence that the Scope 3 (Business Travel, Employee Commute Work from Home, 
Waste, Other Cloud Services,  and Fuel and Energy Related Activities) GHG emissions, and 
Comprehensive Carbon Footprint assertions shown above are not materially correct and are 
not a fair representation of the data and information;  
• Apple has established appropriate system s for the collection, aggregation and analysis of 
relevant environmental information, and has implemented underlying internal assurance 
practices that provide a reasonable degree of confidence that such information is complete and 
accurate.  
 
Statement of independence, integrity and competence 
 
Apex has implemented a Code of Ethics across the business to maintain high ethical standards among 
staff in their day to day business activities.  We are particularly vigilant in the prevention of conflicts of 
interest.  
No member of the assurance team has a business relationship with Apple, its Directors or Managers 
beyond that required of this assignment. We have conducted this verification independently, and there 
has been no conflict of interest.  
The assurance team has extensive experience in conducting verification and assurance  over 
environmental, social, ethical and health and safety information, systems and processes , has over 30 
years combined experience in this field and an excellent understanding of Apex standard methodology 
for the Assurance of Sustainability Data and Reports.  
 
Attestation:  
       
David Reilly, Lead Verifier John Rohde, Technical Reviewer 
ESG Principal Consultant ESG Principal Consultant 
Apex Companies, LLC Apex Companies, LLC 
 
March 18, 2025 
 
This independent assurance statement, including the opinion expressed herein, is provided to Apple Inc. and is solely for the benefit of Apple 
in accordance with the terms of our agreement. We consent to the release of this statement by you in order to satisfy public disclosure 
requirements but without accepting or assuming any responsibility or liability on our part to any party who may have access to this 
statement.  
 
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Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Letter of Assurance
Client: Apple Inc. 1
Letter of Assurance
Comprehensive Carbon Footprint – Scope 3: Product related Carbon 
Footprint for Fiscal Year 2024 
Fraunhofer IZM reviewed Apple’s scope 3 carbon footprint data related to the products 
manufactured and sold by Apple Inc. in fiscal year 2024.  
1 Summary 
This review checks transparency of data and calculations, appropriateness of supporting 
product related data and assumptions, and overall plausibility of the calculated 
comprehensive annual carbon footprint comprised of emissions derived from the life cycle 
assessment (LCA) of Apple products shipped in fiscal year 2024. This review and verification 
focuses on Scope 3 emissions for products sold by Apple Inc. (as defined by 
WRI/WBCSD/Greenhouse Gas Protocol – Scope 3 Accounting and Reporting Standard). 
Confidential data relating to product sales and shipments were excluded from the scope of 
this verification.  
This review and verification covers Apple’s annual greenhouse gas emissions and does not 
replace reviews conducted for individual product LCAs for greenhouse gas emissions 
(GHGs). The life cycle emissions data produced by Apple for individual products has been 
calculated in accordance to the standard ISO 14040/14044: Environmental management – 
Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework / Requirements and guidelines and ISO 
14067: Greenhouse gases - Carbon footprint of products - Requirements and guidelines for 
quantification. This letter of assurance furthermore complies with verification report 
requirements of ISO 14064-3: Greenhouse gases – Part 3: Specification with guidance for 
the verification and validation of greenhouse gas statements.  
The review of the annual carbon footprint has considered the following criteria: 
 The system, boundaries and functional unit are clearly defined 
 Assumptions and estimations made are appropriate 
 Selection of primary and secondary data is appropriate and methodologies used 
are adequately disclosed 
These criteria are also fundamental to the review of LCAs conducted for individual product 
emissions. The reviewers note that the largest share of Apple Inc. annual carbon footprint is 
comprised of scope 3 emissions from individual products. The aforementioned criteria have 
Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Letter of Assurance
Client: Apple Inc. 2
been regularly reviewed by Fraunhofer IZM experts since 2007 with a view to providing 
independent feedback that can facilitate continuous improvement and refinement in the 
LCA methodology applied by Apple Inc. 
On February 28, 2025, Apple withdrew the originally reported results and introduced a 
revised and improved approach to accounting for component yield. As a result, the 
reported figures increased slightly.  
Data reported by Apple on March 3, 2025, is as follows: 
 Manufacturing Transportation Product Use Recycling Total base 
product 
footprint 
2024 29.03 1.95 4.68 0.07 35.73 
[MMT CO2e] [MMT CO2e] [MMT CO2e] [MMT CO2e] [MMT CO2e] 
MMT CO2e: million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalents 
The total scope 3 product related carbon footprint is reported to be 35.73 million metric 
tons CO2e, applying a location-based method reflecting the average emissions intensity of 
grids on which energy consumption occurs. This figure does not include greenhouse gas 
emissions reductions for manufacturing resulting from Apple renewable energy projects, 
supplier renewable electricity purchases, and supplier renewable electricity installations.   
Based on the process and procedures conducted, there is no evidence that the Greenhouse 
Gas (GHG) assertion with regards to scope 3 carbon footprint 
 is not materially correct and is not a fair representation of GHG data and 
information, and 
 has not been prepared in accordance with the related International Standard on 
GHG quantification, monitoring and reporting. 
2 Reviewed Data and Plausibility Check 
A verification and sampling plan as required by ISO 14046-3 has been established for the 
comprehensive carbon footprint review and verification, defining the level of assurance, 
objectives, criteria, scope and materiality of the verification. 
As part of this review and verification Apple disclosed following data to Fraunhofer IZM:  
 Sales data for FY2024, including accessories and including AppleCare, Apple's 
extended warranty and technical support plans for their devices. 
Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Letter of Assurance
Client: Apple Inc. 3
 Life cycle GHG emissions for all products, differentiating the actual product 
configurations (e.g. memory capacity and processor variant) 
 Calculation methodology for the comprehensive carbon footprint  
 Detailed analysis of the comprehensive carbon footprint including: 
o The breakdown of the carbon footprint into life cycle phases 
manufacturing, transportation, product use and recycling 
o Detailed product specific split into life cycle phases 
o The contribution of individual products and product families to the overall 
carbon footprint 
The data and information supporting the GHG assertion were projected (use phase and 
recycling) and historical (i.e. fiscal year 2024 data regarding sales figures, manufacturing, 
transportation, use patterns where available). 
This review comprises a check of selected data, which are most influential to the overall 
carbon footprint. The overall plausibility check addressed the following questions: 
 Are product LCAs referenced and updated with more recent data correctly? 
 Are results for products, for which no full LCA review was undertaken, plausible? 
This review was done remotely. 
3 Findings 
As not all individual product configurations were assessed with a full LCA, in some cases 
data from similar configurations was used as a proxy. Due to this effect, the stated CCF is 
slightly lower than the actual value.  
In FY2024 25 recent product LCA studies have been reviewed successfully against ISO 
14040/44 and ISO 14067. These LCAs cover product segments iPhone, iPad Air, iPad Pro, 
MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, iMac, Mac mini, Apple Watch and Apple Watch Band. 
Representatives of other product segments (Mac Pro, Mac Studio, HomePod, AirPort 
Express / AirPort Extreme, Apple TV, Airpods and Beats products) underwent no or only 
minor design changes compared to those which went through a full LCA review in former 
years. All reviewed LCA studies up to now cover in total 77.6% of the total scope 3 carbon 
footprint. 
Appendix C
Product carbon footprint (Fraunhofer Institute)
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Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Letter of Assurance
Client: Apple Inc. 5
 Environmental Lifecycle Assessments following the MEEuP / MEErP methodology in several Ecodesign Product 
Group Studies under the European Ecodesign Directive since 2007 (external power supplies, complex settop-boxes, 
machine tools, welding equipment, mobile phones, tablets) 
 comparative Life Cycle Assessment of SIM technologies 
 various environmental gate-to-gate assessments in research projects since 2000 (wafer bumping, printed circuit 
board manufacturing) 
 coordination of PCR development for various ICT products 
Further updated information at: www.linkedin.com/in/karsten-schischke
Marina Proske: Experience and background in the field of Life Cycle Assessments include
 Life Cycle Assessment course and exam as part of the Environmental Engineering studies (Dipl.-Ing. Technischer 
Umweltschutz, Technische Universität Berlin, 2009) 
 Critical Reviews of LCA studies incl. water, fiber and plastic footprints since 2012 for 2 industry clients and of the 
EPEAT Environmental Benefits Calculator 
 Life Cycle Assessment of modular smartphones (Fairphone 2, 3 and 4) and laptops (Framework) 
 studies on the environmental assessment and carbon footprint of ICT 
 studies on material and lifetime aspects within the MEErP methodology  
Further updated information at: https://de.linkedin.com/in/marina-proske-74347164/en 
David Sánchez: Experience and background in the field of Life Cycle Assessments include
 Life Cycle Assessment course and exam as part of Environmental Engineering and Energy Efficiency studies at 
Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) in Tarragona, Spain (M-Eng, 2016-2017). 
 LCA practitioner since 2018, including Life Cycle Assessment of modular smartphones and accessories (Fairphone 
4 and 5, FairBuds XL), comparative Life Cycle Assessment of a physical SIM card and an eSIM (G+D), Life Cycle 
Assessments of different electronic modules and populated boards as part of research projects at German and 
European level (GreenICT, Sustronics), screening PCFs for various electronics companies at product and module 
level (project scope3transparent).  
 studies in preparation of EU ecodesign regulations (smartphones, tablets, computers) 
Further updated information at: www.linkedin.com/in/dsanchez94
Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Letter of Assurance
Client: Apple Inc. 4
All questions raised in the course of the review were answered by Apple and related 
evidence was provided where needed. 
4 Conclusions 
Apple’s assessment approach is excellent in terms of granularity of the used calculation 
data. A significant share of components is modelled with accurate primary data from 
Apple’s suppliers.  
The review has not found assumptions or calculation errors on the carbon footprint data 
level that indicate the scope 3 carbon footprint has been materially misstated. The excellent 
analysis meets the principles of good scientific practice.    
Berlin, March 3, 2025 
- Karsten Schischke -  - Marina Proske - 
Fraunhofer IZM Fraunhofer IZM 
Dept. Environmental and Dept. Environmental and  
Reliability Engineering  Reliability Engineering 
- David Sánchez - 
Fraunhofer IZM 
Dept. Environmental and  
Reliability Engineering 
Reviewer Credentials and Qualification 
Karsten Schischke: Experience and background in the field of Life Cycle Assessments include 
 Life Cycle Assessment course and exam as part of the Environmental Engineering studies (Dipl.-Ing. Technischer 
Umweltschutz, Technische Universität Berlin, 1999) 
 more than 200 Critical Reviews of LCA and PCF studies since 2005 (batteries, displays, mobile devices, networked 
ICT equipment, home automation devices, servers, desktop computers, inverters, welding equipment, heat pumps) 
for 8 different industry clients and of the EPEAT Environmental Benefits Calculator 
 coordination of and contribution to compilation of more than 100 ELCD datasets (available at www.lca2go.eu; 
product groups: hard disk drives, semiconductors, printed circuit boards, photovoltaics) 
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INDEPENDENT ASSURANCE STATEMENT 
 
To: The Stakeholders of Apple Inc. 
 
Introduction and objectives of work  
Apex Companies, LLC (Apex)  was engaged by Apple Inc. (Apple) to conduct independent assurance 
of its Supplier Clean Energy Program data reported in its 2024 environmental report (the Report). This 
assurance statement applies to the related information included within the scope of work described 
below. The intended users of the assurance statement are the stakeholders of Apple. The overall aim 
of this process is to provide assurance to Apple’s stakeholders on the accuracy, reliability and objectivity 
of select information included in the Report.   
This information and its presentation in the Report are the sole responsibility of the management of 
Apple. Apex was not involved in the collection of the information or the drafting of the Report.  
 
Scope of Work  
Apple requested Apex to include in its independent review the following:  
▪ Methodology for tracking and verifying supplier clean energy contributions, including the Energy 
Survey, Renewable Energy Agreement, and other forms of supporting documentation provided 
by suppliers where available. 
▪ Assurance of Clean Energy Program data and information for the fiscal year 2024 reporting 
period (October 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024), specifically, in accordance with Apple’s 
definitions: 
o Energy - Reported megawatt-hours (MWh) of clean energy attributed to the Clean Energy 
Program for suppliers; 
o Avoided Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions associated with clean energy attributed to the 
Clean Energy Program; 
o Operational Capacity in megawatts of alternating current output capacity (MWac) of clean 
energy in support of Apple manufacturing as a part of Apple’s Supplier Clean Energy 
Program; 
o Appropriateness and robustness of underlying reporting systems and processes, used to 
collect, analyze, and review the information reported.  
Excluded from the scope of our work is any assurance of information relating to: 
▪ Text or other written statements associated with the Report 
▪ Activities outside the defined assurance period  
 
Assessment Standards 
Our work was conducted against Apex’s standard procedures and guidelines for external Verification 
of Sustainability Reports, based on current best practice in independent assurance. Apex procedures 
are based on principles and methods described in the Inte rnational Standard on Assurance 
Engagements (ISAE) 3000 Revised, Assurance Engagements Other than Audits or Reviews of 
Historical Financial Information (effective for assurance reports dated on or after Dec. 15, 2015), issued 
by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board and ISO 14064-3 (2019-04): Greenhouse 
gases -- Part 3: Specification with guidance for the verification and validation  of greenhouse gas 
statements. 
 
Methodology  
1. Interviews with relevant personnel of Apple;  
2. Review of internal and external documentary evidence produced by Apple;  
3. Audit of environmental performance data presented in the Report, including a detailed review 
of a sample of data against source data; and, 
 
 Apex Companies, LLC
  Page 2 of 3  
4. Review of Apple information systems for  collection, aggregation, analysis and internal 
verification and review of environmental data.  
The work was planned and carried out to provide limited assurance for all indicators and we believe it 
provides an appropriate basis for our conclusions.  
 
Our Findings   
Apex verified the following indicators for Apple’s Fiscal Year 2023 reporting period (October 1, 2023 
through September 30, 2024):  
 
Parameter Quantity Units Boundary / Protocol 
Clean Energy Use 31.3 Million megawatt 
hours (mMWh) 
Apple suppliers / Apple 
Internal Protocol 
Avoided GHG Emissions 21.8 Million metric tons 
of carbon dioxide 
equivalent 
(mMtCO2e) 
Apple suppliers / Apple 
Internal Protocol 
Operational Capacity 17,855 Megawatts (MWac) Apple suppliers / Apple 
Internal Protocol 
  
Our Conclusion 
Based on the assurance process and procedures conducted, we conclude that:  
• Nothing has come to our attention to indicate that the reviewed Clean Energy Use, Avoided 
GHG Emissions, and Operational Capacity assertions  within the scope of our verification  are 
inaccurate and the information included therein is not fairly stated and have not been prepared 
in accordance with Apple’s stated protocols for the Supplier Clean Energy Program; and 
• Apple has established appropriate system s for the collection, aggregation and analysis of 
relevant environmental information, and has implemented underlying internal assurance 
practices that provide a reasonable degree of confidence that such information is complete and 
accurate.  
  
 
 Apex Companies, LLC
  Page 3 of 3  
 
Statement of independence, integrity and competence 
Apex has implemented a Code of Ethics across the business to maintain high ethical standards among 
staff in their day-to-day business activities. We are particularly vigilant in the prevention of conflicts of 
interest.  
No member of the assurance team has a business relationship with Apple, its Directors or Managers 
beyond that required of this assignment. We have conducted this verification independently, and there 
has been no conflict of interest.  
The assurance team has extensive experience in conducting verification and assurance  over 
environmental, social, ethical and health and safety information, systems and processes , has over 30 
years combined experience in this field and an excellent understanding of Apex standard methodology 
for the Assurance of Sustainability Reports.  
Attestation:  
        
     
David Reilly, Lead Verifier Scott Johnston, Technical Reviewer 
ESG Principal Consultant ESG Principal Consultant 
Apex Companies, LLC Apex Companies, LLC 
 
February 18, 2025 
Appendix C
Supplier Clean Energy Program (Apex)
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Apex Companies, LLC 
 
Page 1 of 2 
 
 
INDEPENDENT ASSURANCE STATEMENT   
 
To: The Stakeholders of Apple Inc. 
 
Introduction and objectives of work  
Apex Companies, LLC (Apex) was engaged by Apple Inc. (Apple) to conduct an independent 
assurance of its Supplier Energy Efficiency Program data. This assurance statement applies to 
the related information included within the scope of work described below.  The intended users 
of the assurance statement are the stakeholders of Apple. The overall aim of this process is to 
provide assurance to Apple’s stakeholders on the accuracy, reliability and objectivity of the 
reported information.   
This information and its presentation are the sole responsibility of the management of Apple.  
Apex was not involved in the collection of the information or the drafting of the reported 
information.  
 
Scope of work  
Apple requested Apex to include in its independent review the following:  
▪ Methodology for tracking and verifying supplier energy efficiency projects, including 
supplier energy audit reports, supplier progress reports, energy efficiency project 
verifications, and other forms of supporting documentation provided by suppliers where 
available; 
▪ Assurance of Energy Efficiency Program data and information for the fiscal year 2024 
reporting perio d ( October 01 , 202 3 through September 30, 202 4), specifically, in 
accordance with Apple’s definitions: 
o Avoided Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions associated with energy reductions 
attributed to the Energy Efficiency Program; 
o Appropriateness and robustness of underlying reporting systems and processes, 
used to collect, analyze, and review the information reported.  
Excluded from the scope of our work is any assurance of information relating to: 
▪ Activities outside the defined assurance period. 
 
Methodology  
As part of its independent verification, Apex undertook the following activities:  
1. Interviews with relevant personnel of Apple;  
2. Review of documentary evidence produced by Apple; 
3. Audit of performance data; 
4. Review of Apple’s systems for quantitative data aggregation.  
 
Our work was conducted against Apex’s standard procedures and guidelines for external 
Verification of Sustainability Reports, based on current best practice in independent assurance. 
Apex procedures are based on principles and methods described in the International Standard 
on Assurance Engagements (ISAE) 3000 Revised, Assurance Engagements Other than Audits 
or Reviews of Historical Financial Information (effective for assurance reports dated on or after 
Dec. 15, 2015), issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board and ISO 
14064-3 Second Edition 2019-04: Greenhouse gases -- Part 3: Specification with guidance for 
the verification and validation greenhouse gas statements. 
   
 
Apex Companies, LLC 
 
Page 2 of 2 
 
 
The work was planned and carried out to provide limited, rather than reasonable assurance 
and we believe it provides an appropriate basis for our conclusions.  
 
Our Findings   
Apex verified Avoided Greenhouse Gas emissions for the fiscal year 2024 reporting period:  
Period Quantity Units Boundary / Protocol 
FY2024 
(10/01/2023 - 9/30/2024) 
1.97 Million metric tons 
of carbon dioxide 
equivalent 
Apple suppliers / Apple 
Internal Protocol 
 
On the basis of our methodology and the activities described above: 
▪ Nothing has come to our attention to indicate that the reviewed emissions data within 
the scope of our verification are inaccurate and the information included therein is not 
fairly stated and have not been prepared in accordance with Apple’s stated protocols 
for the Supplier Energy Efficiency Program;  
▪ It is our opinion that  Apple has established appropriate system s for the collection, 
aggregation and analysis of quantitative data such as energy and associated GHG 
emissions reductions.  
This independent statement should not be relied upon to detect all errors, omissions or 
misstatements that may exist. 
 
Statement of independence, integrity and competence 
Apex has implemented a Code of Ethics across the business to maintain high ethical standards 
among staff in their day to day business activities. We are particularly vigilant in the prevention 
of conflicts of interest.  
No member of the assurance team has a business relationship with  Apple, its Directors or 
Managers beyond that required of this assignment. We have conducted this verification 
independently, and there has been no conflict of interest.  
The assurance team has extensive experience in conducting verification and assurance over 
environmental, social, ethical and health and safety information, systems and processes , has 
over 20 years combined experience in this field and an excellent understanding of Apex  
standard methodology for the Assurance of Sustainability Reports.  
Attestation:  
 
 
      
  
David Reilly, Lead Verifier                               Scott Johnston, Technical Reviewer 
ESG Principal Consultant    ESG Principal Consultant 
Apex Companies, LLC.     Apex Companies, LLC.          
 
February 10, 2025 
 
Appendix C
Supplier Energy Efficiency Program (Apex)
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Corporate Packaging Fiber and Plastic Footprint
Review 1
Review Statement
Corporate Packaging Fiber and Plastic Footprint 
Fraunhofer IZM reviewed Apple’s corporate packaging fiber and plastic footprint data 
related to corporate packaging fiber and plastic usage from products, retail and service 
operations in fiscal year 2024.  
1 Summary 
This review checks transparency of data and calculations, appropriateness of supporting 
product and packaging related data and assumptions, and overall plausibility of the 
calculated corporate annual packaging fiber and plastic footprint of Apple products 
shipped in fiscal year 2024 and of retail and service operations in the same period.  
As there is no standardised method available for calculating a packaging fiber and plastic 
footprint Apple defined a methodology for internal use. The scope of the fiber and plastic 
packaging footprint includes Apple’s corporate packaging fiber and plastic usage from 
products (including trade-in packaging, in-box material and re-pack packaging), retail 
operations, AppleCare services, and facilities. The packaging fiber and plastic footprint 
tracks the total amount of plastic, virgin and recycled wood fibre, that Apple uses in 
packaging. Apple obtains and analyses supplier-specific data for each product line and 
sums up these figures for the entire company using sell-in numbers. For some products, a 
representative supplier is chosen to calculate the product-specific packaging. The output is 
a total packaging fiber and plastic footprint. For labels, Beats products and accessories, 
individual sell-in numbers were only availabe for a share of products. These were 
extrapolated for the whole category. Some types of polymer material are excluded from the 
packaging plastic footprint. These are ESD material, adhesives, ink, varnish, coating. Also 
metal foils might be used on some packaging, but is not covered by fiber or plastic 
footprint data.   
The review of the corporate annual packaging fiber and plastic footprint has considered the 
following criteria: 
 The system boundaries are clearly defined 
 Assumptions and estimations made are appropriate 
Corporate Packaging Fiber and Plastic Footprint
Review 2
 Use of supplier data is appropriate and methodologies used are adequately 
disclosed 
Data reported by Apple is as follows: 
2024 Total Virgin Recycled 
Plastic w/o 
adhesives 3,070 3,070 --  
Fiber 238,730 94,060 144,660
[metric tons] [metric tons] [metric tons] 
All results and figures reviewed for fiscal year 2024 are plausible. 
2 Reviewed Data and Findings 
As part of this review Apple disclosed following data to Fraunhofer IZM:  
 Calculation methodology for the corporate packaging fiber and plastic footprint 
 Sales data for FY2024, including accessories 
 Selected product and supplier specific data on packaging materials and production 
yields  
 Aggregated packaging fiber and plastic data for all products and the total 
corporate packaging fiber and plastic footprint for the fiscal year 2024 
The methodology papers provided by Apple (Packaging Plastic Footprint at Apple – 
Methodology Description – V2.0, dated March 2025, Fiber Footprint at Apple - 
Methodology Description – V1.1, dated 2017), is considered a sound and appropriate 
guidance for determining the company packaging fiber and plastic. Where appropriate, this 
approach follows methodological principles applied for state-of-the-art Life Cycle 
Assessments.  
This review comprises a check of packaging fiber and plastic data for selected products 
(iPhone, MacPro, Macbook Pro). 
Plausibility of some data has been questioned and discussed with Apple in detail. More 
granular data for accessories is recommended in the future.  
This review was done remotely. All questions raised in the course of the review were 
answered by Apple and related explanation was provided where needed.   
Corporate Packaging Fiber and Plastic Footprint
Review 3
Based on the process and procedures conducted, there is no evidence that the corporate 
packaging fiber and plastic footprint is not materially correct and is not a fair 
representation of fiber and plastic data and information.  
Berlin, March 6, 2025 
- Marina Proske - - Karsten Schischke - 
Fraunhofer IZM Fraunhofer IZM 
Dept. Environmental and Dept. Environmental and  
Reliability Engineering  Reliability Engineering 
- David Sánchez - 
Fraunhofer IZM 
Dept. Environmental and  
Reliability Engineering 
 Appendix C
Packaging fiber and plastic footprint 
(Fraunhofer Institute)
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INDEPENDENT REVIEW STATEMENT 
 
8705 SW Nimbus Ave, Ste 350, Beaverton, OR 97008 
P 503.713.5550 
To: The Stakeholders of Apple, Inc. 
Introduction and Objectives of Work 
Trinity Consultants, Inc. (Trinity) was engaged by Apple, Inc. (Apple) to conduct an independent general 
review of Apple’s identified top emitting semiconductor and display manufacturers, herein referred to as the 
suppliers, fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions (F-GHG) and claimed point-of-use (POU) abatement system 
installations and performance (e.g., destruction and removal efficiency). This statement applies to the 
related information included within the scope of work described below for Apple’s fiscal year 2024 (October 
2023 – September 2024).  
 
This information and its presentation are the sole responsibility of the management of Apple.  
Scope of Work 
Apple requested Trinity to include in its independent general review the following: 
 
► Desktop review of supplier certified and reported F-GHG usage of the Apple portion of commodity 
production, gas usage by process type, POU abatement equipment installation rates and POU abatement 
claimed destruction and removal efficiencies. 
 This review was completed by collecting information via a web-based survey distributed by Apple to 
suppliers and then reviewing supplier reported process gas usage data and answers regarding POU 
abatement equipment design, installation, maintenance, and operation. 
► Desktop review of supplier provided third-party greenhouse gas verification reports of entity wide Scope 
1 emissions.  
► Identify Apple suppliers to qualify for inclusion in the calculated metric presented in Table 1 of this part. 
The following methods were used to determine if a supplier’s reported data qualified for verification, and 
if qualified, it was included in the metric presented in Table 1.  
 Apple supplier submitted complete survey responses to Apple’s fiscal year survey. 
 Apple supplier provided a third-party greenhouse gas verification report which met the following 
minimum criteria:  
 The verification statement issued by an independent third-party  
 The verification statement employed a verification protocol accepted by the Carbon Disclosure 
Project (CDP) 
 The verification statement covered full Scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions, including F-GHG, for a 
supplier on an entity wide basis or manufacturing site basis 
 The verification statement covered at least a portion of the fiscal year included in the scope of 
review statement  
 The verification statement did not identify any adverse findings 
► Excluded from the scope of our work is any detailed verification relating to: 
 Activities outside the defined assurance period or scope. 
 
Methodology 
As part of its independent review, Trinity undertook the following activities: 
 
April 1, 2025 INDEPENDENT REVIEW STATEMENT Page 2 of 2 
► Interviews with relevant personnel of Apple; 
► Review of documentary evidence reported by Apple suppliers; 
► Verified the Apple reportable F-GHG avoided emissions by Apple’s suppliers included in the scope of 
review statement were calculated in accordance with IPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 2c methodology 
including applying default DREs.1 
► Where available, comparison to prior fiscal year supplier reported survey data (e.g., process gas usage, 
abatement installation rate) was conducted for Apple’s suppliers included in the scope of this review 
statement to identify justifiable trends in year over year data. 
Our Findings 
Trinity reviewed data from Apple’s suppliers included in the scope of this review statement and verified the 
minimum reportable F-GHG avoided emissions for the fiscal year of 2024 were calculated in accordance with 
industry accepted emission calculation methodology. Table 1 below details the verified reportable minimum 
F-GHG avoided emissions for Apple’s suppliers included in the scope of this review statement: 
Table 1. Apple Supplier Avoided F-GHG Emissions  
Fiscal Year 2024 
Period Metric Quantity Units Boundary 
F-GHG Emissions 
Reduced from 
Abatement 
8,407,304 Metric Tons CO 2e 
Suppliers included 
in this statement’s 
scope of work 
 
Statement of Qualifications 
Trinity is an independent professional services firm specializing in environmental, health and safety, and 
sustainability compliance, risk, and performance management. The work performed by the Trinity project 
team has been assessed against the company’s standard procedures and guidelines, including its 
established Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures. Trinity’s headquarters office holds 
ISO 9001:2015 certification, with a strong emphasis on quality and effective project management. 
Additionally, all individual offices adhere to internal QA/QC procedures aligned with the ISO 9001-certified 
protocols of the headquarters office. This verification has been conducted independently, and it is our 
professional judgment that no conflict of interest has affected the assessment. 
 
 
 
 
 
Rich Pandullo – Director, EHS & Energy Management / Sustainability and Assurance 
Trinity Consultants, Incorporated 
Dallas Texas Corporate Headquarters 
April 1, 2025 
 
1 As detailed in the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 
Appendix C
Fluorinated greenhouse gas (F-GHG) emissions 
(Trinity Consultants)
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Appendix D
Mac mini (2024) with 
M4 Pro chip (64GB)
Mac mini (2024) with 
M4 Pro chip (512GB)
Appendix D
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Appendix D
Mac mini (2024) with 
M4 chip (256GB)
Appendix D
Mac mini (2024) with 
M4 chip (512GB)
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Appendix D
Sport Loop
Appendix D
Alpine Loop
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Appendix D
Trail Loop
Appendix D
Milanese Loop
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Appendix D
Titanium Milanese Loop Apple Watch Ultra 2  
with Alpine Loop
Appendix D
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Appendix D
Apple Watch Ultra 2 
with Trail Loop
Appendix D
Apple Watch Ultra 2 with 
Titanium Milanese Loop
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Appendix D
Aluminum Apple Watch Series 10 
with Sport Loop
Appendix D
Aluminum Apple Watch Series 10 
with Milanese Loop
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Appendix D
Titanium Apple Watch Series 10 
with Sport  Loop
Appendix D
Titanium Apple Watch Series 10 
with Milanese Loop
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Appendix D
Apple Watch SE 
with Sport Loop
Appendix D
Apple Watch SE 
with Milanese Loop
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Appendix D
Aluminum Apple Watch Series 9 
with Sport Loop
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Appendix E
Environment, Health and Safety Policy
Mission Statement
Apple Inc. is committed to protecting the environment, health and 
safety (EHS) of our employees, customers, and contractors in the 
design, research, manufacture, distribution, and use of our products 
and services in global communities where we operate.
We recognize that by integrating best EHS management practices 
into all aspects of our business, we can offer technologically 
innovative products and services while conserving and enhancing 
resources for future generations.
Apple strives for continuous improvement in our EHS management 
systems and in the environmental quality of our products, processes, 
and services.
Guiding Principles
Meet or exceed applicable EHS requirements through the design 
and safe management of our facilities.
Apply higher standards to protect human health and the 
environment where laws and regulations do not provide 
adequate controls.
Promote responsible management and stewardship of clean energy, 
water, waste, resources, and biodiversity.
Encourage contractors, vendors, and suppliers to provide safe 
working conditions, treat workers with dignity and respect, and act 
fairly and ethically.
Support and promote scientific principles, best practices, and public 
policy initiatives that enhance environmental quality, health and 
safety performance, and ethical sourcing of materials.
Communicate EHS policies and programs to Apple employees and 
stakeholders and hold its suppliers accountable to Apple’s Supplier 
Code of Conduct. Supplier Responsibility resources and Supplier 
Code of Conduct are available at apple.com/supplychain.
Strive to create products that are safe in their intended use and are 
manufactured in alignment with our strict environmental standards.
Pursue continual improvement through the evaluation of our 
EHS performance by monitoring ongoing performance results 
through periodic management reviews, and committing to correct 
EHS nonconformities.
Ensure that all employees are aware of their role and responsibility to 
fulfill and sustain Apple’s EHS management systems and policy by 
providing training and tools in the user’s primary language.
February 2025
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CERT-067.14001 – NSAI IQNET 14001:2015 A4 (3) 
 
 
 
 
 
Stewart Hickey 
Head - Business Excellence, NSAI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NSAI has issued an IQNET recognized certificate that the organization: 
 
Apple Operations International Limited 
Hollyhill Industrial Estate, HH01 Building, Hollyhill, Cork, Ireland, 7340DEF 
has implemented and maintains an  
Environmental Management System 
 
for the following scope: 
The management of all EMEA operational activities related to manufacturing,  
sales, delivery and after sales support for direct retail and channel customers 
 
 
 
which fulfils the requirements of the following standard: 
 
I.S. EN ISO 14001:2015 
Issued on: 11 July 2024   
First issued on: 20 March 2001 
Expires on: 10 July 2027 
 
 
 
Registration Number: IE-14.0202 
 
 
 
 
CERT-161 WM: 14001 2015 INAB (4) 
 
 
 Certificate of Registration 
of Environmental Management 
System to I.S. EN ISO 14001:2015 
 AAppppllee  OOppeerraattiioonnss  IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall  
LLiimmiitteedd  
Hollyhill Industrial Estate 
HH01 Building 
Hollyhill 
Cork 
Ireland 
7340DEF   
 NSAI certifies that the aforementioned company has been assessed and 
deemed to comply with the provisions of the standard referred to above in 
respect of:- 
 
The management of all EMEA operational activities related to manufacturing, 
sales, delivery and after sales support for direct retail and channel customers  
 
 
  
Approved by: 
Stewart Hickey 
Head - Business Excellence, NSAI     
 Registration Number: 14.0202 
Original Registration: 20 March 2001 
Last amended on: 11 July 2024 
Valid from: 11 July 2024 
Remains valid to: 10 July 2027 
 
This certificate remains valid on condition 
that the Approved Environmental 
Management System is maintained in an 
adequate and efficacious manner.   NSAI is a 
partner of IQNet – the international 
certification network (www.iqnet-
certification.com) 
 Partner of: 
 
 
 
 
All valid certifications are listed on NSAI’s website – www.nsai.ie.  The continued validity of this certificate 
may be verified under “Certified Company Search” 
 
NSAI (National Standards Authority of Ireland), 1 Swift Square, Northwood, Santry, Dublin 9, Ireland T +353 1 807 3800 E: info@nsai.ie www.nsai.ie 
 
 
Appendix F
ISO 14001 
certification
Apple operates manufacturing facilities in Cork, Ireland. 
We certify 100 percent of these facilities with ISO 14001.
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Report notes
About this report
This report addresses our environmental programs and initiatives 
across our business. To provide feedback on this report, please 
contact environment-report@apple.com.
This report does not cover all information about our business. 
References in this report to information should not be interpreted 
as an indication of the materiality of such information to Apple’s 
financial results or for purposes of U.S. securities laws, or any other 
laws or requirements, such as potential upcoming requirements 
under the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), 
the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS), or the 
EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD). 
Additionally, certain terminology used in this report, such as 
“value chain” , “impacts” , “risks” , and “targets” may differ from the 
terminology used in legal reporting frameworks, including CSRD and 
CSDDD. Also, any reference in this report to sustainable activities 
should not be interpreted as an indication of the classification of 
such activity under the EU T axonomy Regulation, or any other legal 
classification framework. The classification under EU T axonomy 
Regulation, or any other legal classification framework, is subject to 
specific criteria and requirements, which may differ from the general 
references made in this report.
Reporting year
We track our environmental progress based on Apple’s fiscal year. 
All references to a year throughout the report refer to Apple’s fiscal 
years, unless “calendar year” is specified. Apple’s fiscal year is the 
52- or 53-week period that ends on the last Saturday of September.
Data assurance
We obtain third-party verification for some of the information in 
this report from Apex Companies and the Fraunhofer Institute in 
Germany (as denoted in Appendix C). Data in this report, including 
data or verification from third parties, reflects estimates using 
methodologies and assumptions believed to be reasonable and 
accurate. Those estimates, methodologies, and assumptions may 
change in the future as a result of new information or subsequent 
developments, or they ultimately may prove to be inaccurate. The 
bulk of Apple’s recycled content data is certified and thus verified by 
a third party with less than 5 percent of the the total mass shipped 
in Apple products representing content that was either supplier 
verified, meaning it was reported by the supplier and verified by 
Apple, or supplier reported based on production and allocation 
values. In all cases, Apple defines recycled content in alignment with 
ISO 14021. Product claims are made as of the launch date of those 
individual products, and they are accurate as of product launch. We 
assume no obligation, and expressly disclaim any duty to update any 
product claims, unless otherwise required by law.
Forward-looking statements
The information covered by the report contains forward-
looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities 
Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding our 
environmental or sustainability goals or targets, commitments, and 
strategies and related business and stakeholder impacts. Forward-
looking statements can be identified by words such as “future,” 
“anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” 
“predicts,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “can,” “may,” “aim,” “strive,” and 
similar terms. These statements involve risks and uncertainties, and 
actual results may differ materially from any future results expressed 
or implied by the forward-looking statements.
These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, any 
failure to meet stated environmental or sustainability targets, 
goals, and commitments; and execute our strategies in the time 
frame expected or at all; global sociodemographic, political, and 
economic trends; changing government regulations or policies; 
technological innovations, climate-related conditions and weather 
events; our ability to gather and verify data regarding environmental 
impacts; the compliance of various third parties, including our 
suppliers with our policies and procedures, or their commitments 
to us; and our expansion into new products, services, technologies, 
and geographic regions. More information on risks, uncertainties, 
and other potential factors that could affect our business and 
performance is included in our filings with the U.S. Securities 
and Exchange Commission, including in the “Risk Factors” and 
“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and 
Results of Operations” sections of the company’s most recently 
filed periodic reports on Form 10-K and Form 10-Q and subsequent 
filings. Further, from time to time we engage in various initiatives 
(including voluntary disclosures, policies, and programs), but 
we cannot guarantee that these initiatives will have the desired 
effect. We assume no obligation, and expressly disclaim any duty 
(including in response to new or changed information) to update any 
statements or information, which speak as of their respective dates. 
Readers should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking 
statements made in this report. Moreover, many of the assumptions, 
standards, metrics, and measurements used in preparing this 
report continue to evolve, are sourced from third parties, and are 
based on assumptions believed to be reasonable at the time of 
preparation, but should not be considered guarantees. Given the 
inherent uncertainty of the estimates, assumptions, and timelines 
contained in this report, we may not be able to anticipate whether, or 
the degree to which, we’ll be able to meet our plans, targets, or goals 
in advance.
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End notes
Introduction Environmental Initiatives
1  Apple follows the GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (GHG 
Protocol) to calculate value chain emissions. The GHG Protocol currently defines scope 
1 emissions as direct greenhouse gas emissions that occur from sources that are 
owned or controlled by the company; scope 2 emissions as the indirect greenhouse 
gas emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heat, and cooling 
consumed by the company; and scope 3 emissions as all “other indirect emissions” 
that occur in the value chain of the reporting company, including both upstream and 
downstream emissions. Apple currently sets an operational boundary for its emissions 
and excludes the following scope 3 categories, as defined by the GHG Protocol, which 
collectively make up less than 10 percent of our 2015 base year scope 3 emissions 
currently: “capital goods” due to limited data availability, which limits our ability to 
influence these emissions, and “waste generated in operations,” as these emissions 
are negligible. The following subset of greenhouse gas categories recognized in the 
Kyoto Protocol are included: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), 
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), 
nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
2  Carbon reductions are calculated against a product-specific business-as-usual 
scenario as modeled by Apple: No use of clean electricity for manufacturing or product 
use, beyond what is already available on the latest modeled grid (based on regional 
emissions factors). Apple’s carbon intensity of key materials as of 2015 (our baseline 
year for our 2030 product carbon neutrality goal). Carbon intensity of materials 
reflects use of recycled content and production technology. Apple’s average mix 
of transportation modes (air, rail, ocean, ground) by product line across three years 
(fiscal years 2017 to 2019) to best capture the baseline transportation emissions of 
our products.
3  Cobalt in the battery claims or references uses mass balance allocation.
4  Apple reports data about the recycled content of its products at different levels of 
fidelity, based on the level of independent data verification. The bulk of Apple’s recycled 
content data is certified and thus verified by a third party. Less than 1 percent of the 
total mass shipped in Apple products in fiscal year 2024 contained recycled content 
that is either supplier verified, meaning it has been reported by the supplier and cross-
checked by Apple, or supplier reported, meaning it has been reported by the supplier 
based on production and allocation values. In all cases, Apple defines recycled content 
in alignment with ISO 14021. We do not currently include industry-average recycled 
content, which may result in underreporting actual recycled content. Total recycled 
material shipped in products is driven by product material composition and total sales — 
as a result, this overall recycled or renewable content percentage may fluctuate based 
on the number and type of products sold each year. 
5  In addition to working toward transitioning our entire product value chain to using 
100 percent clean electricity by 2030, we’re prioritizing energy efficiency and emissions 
reductions within supplier facilities and operations.
6  We plan to reach carbon neutrality for our fiscal year 2030 carbon footprint.
7 Refer to footnote 4. 
8  By the end of calendar year 2025, we plan to use 100 percent recycled cobalt in all 
Apple-designed batteries (using mass balance allocation), 100 percent recycled tin 
soldering and 100 percent recycled gold plating in all Apple-designed rigid and flexible 
printed circuit boards, and 100 percent recycled rare earth elements in all magnets. Our 
plan excludes products and components manufactured for replacement or repair. Cobalt 
in the battery claims or references uses mass balance allocation.
9 Refer to footnote 3.
10  By the end of calendar year 2025, we plan to remove plastic from packaging by 
transitioning to 100 percent fiber-based packaging. Apple’s goal to remove plastic from 
packaging includes retail bags, all finished goods boxes (including plastic content in 
labels and in-box documentation), packaging sent to our customers as part of Apple 
Trade In, AppleCare packaging for whole units and service modules (with the exception 
of plastics needed to protect items from electrostatic discharge), and secondary 
packaging of Apple products and accessories sold by Apple. Our goal does not include 
the inks, coatings, or adhesives used in our packaging. We plan to remove plastic from 
the packaging of refurbished products by 2027, once old product packaging designs 
are phased out. We’ll continue selling existing inventory of AppleCare packaging for 
whole units and service modules that contain plastics for vintage and products at end 
of life until it is consumed. This approach will enable us to avoid waste generated by 
repackaging goods in new 100 percent fiber-based packaging.
11 By 2030, we plan to replenish 100 percent of our corporate freshwater withdrawals in 
high-stress locations, as determined by a World Resources Institute (WRI) Aqueduct 
Baseline Water Stress Indicator and further refined through local context and analysis.
12  By the end of fiscal year 2025, we plan to have certified all Apple-owned data centers to 
the Alliance for Water Stewardship Standard. 
13  By 2030, we plan to identify priority suppliers and drive their enrollment in our Supplier 
Clean Water Program. Apple prioritizes supplier facilities by overall basin stress 
indicator, onsite activity type, and annual water volume usage.
14  Renewable electricity refers to fossil fuel–free sources of energy from renewable 
sources, like wind, solar, and low-impact hydroelectricity projects. Clean electricity 
refers to both renewable electricity as well as other projects that Apple considers “low 
carbon” but not “renewable,” like nuclear and large-impact hydroelectricity projects. 
Apple currently only allows for clean electricity sources to address electricity for product 
use when part of a residual grid factor, in markets where there is sufficient data to 
ensure that the clean electricity is not already claimed. For Apple’s corporate footprint, 
supply chain manufacturing, and the portion of our product use impact that is not 
already clean electricity, Apple is investing in only new renewable electricity sources.
15  Aluminum Apple Watch Series 9, Apple Watch Ultra 2, and Apple Watch SE when paired 
with a carbon neutral band
16  Refer to footnote 4. 
17  Apple’s commitment is to use 100 percent recycled cobalt, using mass balance 
allocation, in all Apple-designed batteries by the end of calendar year 2025. Our 
commitment excludes products and components manufactured for replacement 
or repair.
18  Apple’s commitment is to use 100 percent recycled tin soldering and gold plating in 
all Apple-designed rigid and flexible printed circuit boards by the end of calendar 
year 2025. Our commitment excludes products and components manufactured for 
replacement or repair.
19  Apple’s commitment is to use 100 percent recycled rare earth elements in all magnets 
by the end of calendar year 2025. Our commitment excludes products and components 
manufactured for replacement or repair.
20  Refer to footnote 10.
21 Refer to footnote 6.
22 Corporate emissions include scope 1 and 2 emissions from Apple Store locations, 
corporate offices, Apple-owned and colocated data centers, and Apple-produced digital 
content for Apple One services, as well as scope 3 emissions associated with business 
travel, employee commutes, working from home, upstream impacts from scope 1 fuels, 
and use of other cloud services.
23  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “Summary for Policymakers of IPCC 
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C Approved by Governments,” press release, 
October 8, 2018, https://www.ipcc.ch/2018/10/08/summary-for-policymakers-of-ipcc-
special-report-on-global-warming-of-1-5c-approved-by-governments/.
24  Apple defines low-carbon materials as materials created using production techniques 
with reduced carbon impact, such as ELYSIS (a patented technology that eliminates 
direct greenhouse gas emissions from the traditional aluminum smelting process) or 
aluminum smelted using hydroelectricity instead of coal.
25  We increased the following certified recycled materials in our products from 2023 to 
2024: lithium from 24 percent to over 50 percent, zinc from less than 1 percent to more 
than 15 percent.
26  Lithium in the battery claims use mass balance allocation.
27 Refer to footnote 24.
28 Refer to footnote 4. 
29 Refer to footnote 8.
30  Since publishing the “Material Impact Profiles” white paper, we’ve expanded our 
analysis to include biodiversity factors.
31  To account for recycled aluminum, we use third-party certified recycled aluminum data, 
as well as supplier-verified data, meaning it has been reported by the supplier and 
cross-checked by Apple.
32 We use 100 percent recycled copper in multiple printed circuit boards in the iPhone 16 
lineup, MacBook Air with M3, MacBook Pro with M4, iPad mini, Apple Watch Series 10, 
iMac, and Mac mini.
33  Recycled copper in the thermal module applies to iMac (four ports) only.
34  Cobalt and lithium in the battery claims or references use mass balance allocation.
35  Refer to footnote 4. 
36 Eligible products are those in a product category for which ENERGY STAR certification 
exists. For more information, visit www.energystar.gov. ENERGY STAR and the 
ENERGY STAR mark are registered trademarks owned by the U.S. Environmental 
Protection Agency.
37 Energy consumption and energy efficiency values are based on the ENERGY STAR 
Program Requirements for Computers, including the max energy allowance for Mac mini. 
For more information, visit www.energystar.gov. ENERGY STAR and the ENERGY STAR 
mark are registered trademarks owned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 
For more information on the power consumption of Mac mini, read the Mac mini Product 
Environmental Report.
38  Recycled copper in the thermal module applies to M4 Pro chip only.
39 Refer to footnote 2.
40 Refer to footnote 37.
41 Refer to footnote 10.
42  Breakdown of U.S. retail packaging by weight. Adhesives, inks, and coatings are 
excluded from our calculations of plastic content and packaging weight.
43  Our packaging design guidelines apply to retail packaging and shippers.
44  In fiscal year 2024 we exceeded the requirements of criterion 4.9.3.1 in IEEE 1680.1 by 
achieving 2.3 percent of energy savings in Apple facilities that consumed more than 
70 million kWh/yr energy consumption.
45  All efficiency measures are retired based on their effective useful lifetime as 
documented by the California Energy Commission.
46  Our use of the term RECs covers both U.S. and international renewable energy 
certificates and similar certifications around the world, such as Guarantees of Origin 
(GOs) in Europe (including international renewable energy certificates or I-RECs),  
Large-Scale Generation Certificates (LGCs) in Australia, and Green Electricity 
Certificates (GECs) in China.
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© 2025 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Apple and the Apple logo are trademarks of Apple 
Inc. registered in the U.S. and other countries and regions. Beats is a trademark of Beats 
Electronics, LLC., registered in the U.S. and other countries and regions. iOS is a trademark 
or registered trademark of Cisco in the U.S. and other countries and is used under license. 
ENERGY STAR and the ENERGY STAR mark are registered trademarks owned by the U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency. Other product and company names mentioned herein 
may be trademarks of their respective companies.
47  In 2024, suppliers relied predominantly on U.S. or international renewable energy 
certificates (RECs) to meet their CEP commitments, as an interim solution to longer-
term procurement options like power purchase agreements (PPAs), which are becoming 
increasingly available across the globe. With the evolution of renewable procurement 
options in China, suppliers have started transitioning to the expanded Green Energy 
Certificate (GEC) and Green Power Trading mechanism, which are nationally recognized 
ways of procuring renewable energy in China today.
48  For more information, see Appendix C: F-GHG Emissions.
49  We’re working with our suppliers on commitments to our F-GHG abatement 
specification requiring at least 90 percent abatement of total facility F-GHG emissions 
in support of our Apple 2030 goal. We define F-GHGs as certain perfluorocarbons (e.g., 
CF4, C2F6, and C4F8), trifluoromethane (CHF3), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), and sulfur 
hexafluoride (SF6). Suppliers’ F-GHG emissions and abatement rate should conform to 
the requirements of the 2019 Refinement Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
(“IPCC”) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Tier 2c calculation 
methodologies and use the most up-to-date GWP values if applicable.
50  The applicable display and semiconductor manufacturing refers to suppliers who 
perform the relevant processes outlined in the IPCC Tier2c methodology. Fabless 
suppliers were not in scope for the engagement.
51 Based on the methodology Apple uses to calculate transportation emissions, which is 
regularly reviewed by a third party, Fraunhofer IZM.
52  As of product launch, 50 percent of all carbon neutral Mac mini products by weight are 
planned to be to be shipped via non-air modes of transportation over the lifetime of 
the products from our final assembly sites to their next destination — primarily regional 
distribution hubs.
53  Based on device pricing on SellCell.com and some carriers/resellers that accept trade-in 
devices as of March 2024.
54  This applies specifically to our U.S.-based Apple Trade In program.
55 iPhone 16 and iPhone 16 Plus are splash-, water-, and dust-resistant. They were tested 
under controlled laboratory conditions, and have a rating of IP68 under IEC standard 
60529 (maximum depth of 6 meters for up to 30 minutes). Splash, water, and dust 
resistance are not permanent conditions. Resistance might decrease as a result of 
normal wear. Do not attempt to charge a wet iPhone; refer to the user guide for cleaning 
and drying instructions. Liquid damage is not covered under warranty.
56  Refer to footnote 13.
57  We define facility water use as high stress if the area is located within or withdraws 
water from a basin that has high or extremely high baseline water stress, based on the 
Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas V4.0 tool from the World Resources Institute and refined by 
additional local knowledge and third-party research.
58 Apple-managed services include cloud services, payment services, app services, and 
digital content hosted in Apple-owned or colocated data centers. 
59  These savings do not include the reduction in water use from facility closures and 
reduced occupancy due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We consider these savings 
temporary and acknowledge that the water use was transferred to employees’ homes.
60  Based on previous estimated consumption.
61  Refer to footnote 59.
62  These savings are based on data observed in pilot operations.
63  We account for savings through this program on a fiscal-year basis rather than a 
calendar-year basis, as reported in publications before fiscal year 2021.
64  Refer to footnote 12.
65  Refer to footnote 11.
66  Duncan McNicholl and Rob Hope, “Reducing uncertainty in corporate water impact: 
The role of Results-Based Contracting for drinking water supply,” (Oxford, UK: Uptime 
Global and Oxford University, 2024).
67  Alliance for Water Stewardship. 2025. “Water Stewardship in Data Centres (2025) 
- Alliance for Water Stewardship.” January 16, 2025. https://a4ws.org/download/water-
stewardship-in-data-centres-2025/.
68  Kruse, S., Pilz, D., Abraham, S., and Cooley, H., “Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of 
Corporate Water Stewardship Projects” (Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute, 2025)
69 Waste diversion rates do not include construction and demolition waste or electronic 
waste for fiscal year 2024. Electronic waste is accounted for in the total metric tons of 
electronic waste that we sent to recycling, found on page 87.
70  These sites have been third-party verified by UL Solutions against the UL 2799 Zero 
Waste to Landfill Environmental Claim Validation Procedure (ECVP). UL Solutions 
requires at least 90 percent diversion through methods other than waste-to-energy 
to achieve Zero Waste to Landfill (Silver: 90–94 percent, Gold: 95–99 percent, and 
Platinum: 100 percent) designations.
71  Our Mesa and Prineville data centers earned TRUE certification in 2021 and 2020, 
respectively. Administered by Green Business Certification Inc., TRUE certification 
requires 90 percent waste diversion or higher from landfill, incineration (waste-to-
energy), and the environment.
72  All established final assembly supplier sites — or those that have been Apple suppliers 
for more than one year — for iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, AirPods, HomePod, 
Apple TV, and Beats have been third-party verified by UL Solutions against the UL 2799 
Zero Waste to Landfill Environmental Claim Validation Procedure (ECVP). UL Solutions 
requires at least 90 percent diversion through methods other than waste-to-energy 
to achieve Zero Waste to Landfill (Silver: 90–94 percent, Gold: 95–99 percent, and 
Platinum: 100 percent) designations.
73  Refer to footnote 70.
74  Final Assembly, Test, and Pack-out (FATP) facilities does not include all facilities that 
support Accessories and Beats.
75  Arthur Fong, Alexandra McPherson, Mark Rossi, Krishna Rajan, “Building a roadmap 
for safer and sustainable material chemistries: Addressing the PFAS problem 
through informatics and data-driven chemistry,” MRS Energy & Sustainability (2024) 
doi:10.1557/s43581-024-00122-1.
76 Donatti CI, Moraga-Lewy N, Nyongesa J, Mwanzia M, Edmond J and Fedele 
G (2024) Grassland restoration impacts human-wildlife and social conflicts 
in the Chyulu Hills, Kenya. Front. Environ. Sci. 12:1431316. doi: 10.3389/
fenvs.2024.1431316.
Engagement and Advocacy
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2025 Environmental Progress ReportAppendix